Conflict Negotiation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Conflict Negotiation - Case Study Example Knowing what each other party wanted was key to knowing the best way forward to attaining what was best for the city of Tamarack. Our first reward was that we as the City Council of Tamarack do not have to incur high costs of maintaining our roads or reducing the environmental pollution that has already taken place. The cost sharing agreement reached at the end of the negotiations ensures that the mining company takes upon itself the responsibility of ensuring that the damaged roads are repaired and that at the end of the day there is little, if any environmental pollution. We were also able to keep the company in the city, hence, retaining the revenue that we get from its operations. We were able to provide a serene environment for the tourists who visit the city. This was made possible by the fact that Twin Lakes Mining Company ensured that all roads are in good condition. Reducing air pollution in the city is also a way of attracting tourists. The fact that the already exhausted mining sites will be shutdown means that our surroundings will be beautiful enough to warrant tourist attraction (Role Information for City Tamarack). Most importantly, the relationship between the government and the mining company was improved as both parties gained from the negotiations. The most rewarding thing about the negotiations is the fact that we will be able to keep our city in a good condition. Firstly, we shall from today henceforth have cleaner air in the city. The mining company has accepted the responsibility of ensuring that its operations do not pollute the air as much as before. This is beneficial to us; not only in the present life, but also in future. Clean air means that future generations in Tamarack City will live a healthy life and they will not have to worry about respiratory diseases that are related to unclean air. Both parties have also taken up the responsibility of maintaining the roads. Of course, this means better infrastructure,

Iraq post-WWII Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Iraq post-WWII - Essay Example Iraq gained its independence in 1932, but remained under the British monarchical rule for some years (Fuccaro, 1997). After the Second World War, the Arab independence in collaboration with the fundamentalist movement went against the British Soviet Union as a way to retreat the British rule. The British used the divide and rule tactic which made Iraq to be politically unstable after the Arab regimes started conflicts among themselves In the 1970s Iraq was able to outdo the British governance and this brought development freedom to Iraq as it was when they built one of the largest and best equipped armed forces in the Arab world. Strong leaders such Nuri al-Said, Salih Jabr among others formed strong governments to protect their people and signed a number of freedom agreements with the western countries (Fuccaro, 1997). The agreements played a big role since Iraq started to act independently but that did not stop the imperials from the quest for oil. Under the rule of Nuri al al-Said, Iraq became a stable country for a while and World Bank started offering support through loans to proceed with a number of development projects such construction of bridges and buildings. Iraq also cooperated with some countries and made it possible for the country to sign a pact with Iran, turkey and the United Kingdom known as â€Å"the Baghdad pact† (Gibson, 2011). The pact’s main aim was to get many Arab countries to join them and strengthen their ties. The United States could not join the pact since most of the Arab countries were against the west imperialism but after some years, It joined in and assured support to these countries against any attack or aggression by the soviet union and any other powers. Arabs later realised the United States had plans to woo them and control Iraq’s oil and this triggered a war between Iraq and

Combined Bomber Offensive (CBO) Analysis

Combined Bomber Offensive (CBO) Analysis The Anglo-American alliance during World War II (WWII) launched a series of strategic bombing campaigns against the Germans in what is now known as the Combined Bomber Offensive (CBO). The justness of the CBO is and has always been a controversial one, as some schools of thought see it as being just, and had as its primary objective the progressive destruction and dislocation of the German military, industrial and economic system. Thus, undermining the morale of the German people to a point where their capacity for armed resistance was fatally weakened[1]. However, other schools argue the aim of the CBO should be unambiguously stated as the destruction of German cities, the killing of German workers, and the disruption of civilized life throughout Germany[2]. These bombing campaigns on German cities like Dresden, which led to deliberate mass killings or murder of civilians on a large scale by the CBO, is seen as unjust. The bombing of the German city of Dresden will be used as a case study to give a balanced analysis of the CBO in this essay as it is the most controversial. This essay will analyse both schools of thought, taking into consideration if the CBO met the elements of justice in war -Jus in Bello. Analysing the involvement of the Anglo-American alliance in the CBO and the bombing of Dresden during WWII by the principles of Jus in Bello military necessity, proportionality, discrimination and humanity; this essay will determine that the CBO against Germany was just. Jus in Bello has been used as criteria to analyse and determine the justness of CBO against due to the fact that the CBO was an act in the war, which has to be analysed in order to determine if the act of the CBO met the legal and ethical justness. The CBOs objective to attack the city of Dresdens industrial and economic system was a legitimate military necessity. The doctrine of military necessity, states an attack or action must be intended to help in the defeat of the enemy; it must be an attack on a legitimate military objective[3]. Looking at the CBO attack of Dresden from this perspective, it was a legitimate military necessity; because the bombing of the industrial centres and other targets of the economic system was crucial for the CBO in order to slow down the German war machine. The concept is known as the Industrial Web theory, which was developed by Sir Hugh Trenchard, Colonel Billy Mitchell and General Giulio Douhet. Boog et. al support this principle of military necessity as they argue that the Germans could best be eliminated by destroying her armaments industry and the result of that will be breaking the civilian populations will to resist[4]. However, critiques of the principle of military necessity have debated on its controversy, and a grey area on their minds is that of the justness of the CBO on Dresden. Their argument is that the attack on Dresden might be military necessity, but why was it ok for the CBO to kill non-combatants; also their argument is based on the fact that Dresden wasnt of any importance to the Germans. Michael Walzer gives a counter argument to this school of thought when he argues that military necessity supersedes the killing of civilians in a supreme emergency, and he uses Nazi Germany in WWII as an example of supreme emergency for Great Britain[5]. He goes on further to state that: if the situation is grave enough to justify killing or putting at risk ones own citizens to accomplish military objectives, then military necessity may also justify the same risk to other non-friendly non-combatants[6]. Further to that, the arguments of the critiques on the less importance of Dresden to the Germans at the time of the CBO are incorrect. The veracity of this argument is seen in the RAFs briefing notes to its Squadrons which attacked Dresden: Dresden has developed into an industrial city of first-class importanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ its multiplicity of telephones and rail facilities is of major value for controlling the defence of that part of the front now threatenedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The intentions of the attack are to hit the enemy where he will feel it most, behind an already partially collapsed frontà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[7] These justifies of the attack on Dresden, on the basis of military necessity, which, resulted in production in industries stopping. The bombing of Dresden was therefore not wanton but was justified by military necessity and it was also aiming at civilian morale[8], in order to slow down the German war machine. Jus in Bellos principle of proportionality is an area of contention used by critiques to analyse the unjustness of the CBO. Proportionality means avoiding needless destruction to achieve justified ends[9]. One school of thought argues that the firebombing in Dresden caused more destruction than was necessary. John V. Denson, in his book, Costs of War, supports this theory: it seems to me that the moment has come when the question of bombing of German cities simply for the sake of increasing the terror, though under other pretexts, should be reviewedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.The destruction of Dresden remains a serious query against the conduct of Allied bombingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. I feel the need for more precise concentration upon military objectivesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. rather than on mere acts of terror and wanton destruction, however impressive[10]. Other schools have a different perception of what is proportional and hold that the CBO was proportional with the destruction of civilian targets in Dresden. Proportionality is a hard criterion to apply, as there is no ready way to establish an independent or stable view of values against which the destruction of war is to be measured[11]. The use of the firebombing in Dresden was proportional, despite the argument that sees it as not fulfilling Jus in Bello principle of proportionality. Michael Walzer, in his book supports the justness on the basis of proportionality when he says: it would be difficult to condemn soldiers for anything they did in the course of a battle or a war that they honestly believed, and had good reason to believe, was necessary, or important, or simply useful in determining the outcome[12]. The justness of this principle is the lack of technology at the time of the attack on Dresden, which was the best approach to be utilised at the time. Precision bombing had been used prior to that and it was impracticable, thus, area bombing had to be the means employed[13]. Moreover, with the bombing of Dresden, the Germans supplies of liquid fuels were eliminated with a far smaller cost in causality than would have been incurred had there been no resort to the bombing and destruction of the industrial capacity[14]. Discrimination is another principle which has been used in this essay to analyse how just the CBO on Germany in WWII was. Discrimination within Jus in Bello means avoiding direct and intentional harm to non-combatants[15]. Looking at the CBO based on this, it was a just act, as it did not set out with the intention of attacking and killing civilians. A.C. Grayling in his book argues that there is no such thing as putting non-combatants to the sword during the course of sacking their towns, as this is not classed as murder; for this is no less than their soldiers would do if matters were the other way round and they were sacking your town instead[16]. However, some school of thoughts hold that the attack on Dresden was a deliberate bombing of the civilian population, thus, makes the CBO unjust. They further support their argument that attacks on civilian populations have often happened in wars throughout history, but this fact does not amount to a justification of the practice; moreover, there are no acceptable circumstances in which killing civilians is allowed[17]. This essay argues in line with Douhet, an air power theorist that war as a national phenomenon, involves the totality of a nations activities and forces, and no longer organised forces alone; this is why the distinction between combatants and non-combatants are superseded[18] . The CBO, therefore, was against Germany and not the Nazi government, thus, all the Germans are classed as combatants. Thus, the principle of discrimination was respected and followed, as the CBOs main aim was to attack the enemys industry, and civilian casualties were an unavoidable side-effect[19] as was the case in Dresden. Jus in Bello principle of humanity, also shows how just the CBO against the Germans in WWII was. Humanity is defined as regulating the conduct of those involved in fighting as well as safeguarding human life and curbing the level of violence[20]. Critiques argue that the CBO was inhumane especially with the firebombing which caused untold pain and suffering to the population: it was a war of despair and mounting torments there were no signs that the bombings would lead to a collapse. It was incomprehensible how people struggled on.[21] They also hold that the wholesale destruction of German cities, Dresden foremost among them, could have been averted, even if attacks on urban rail centres had continued[22]. The above argument is flawed given that the degree of devastation suffered by the people of Dresden in the firestorm was an unfortunate weather condition, as prevailing wind helped, and did much of the damage and caused many of the deaths, and was not intended by the CBO, who, at the request of the Russians forces, had seen Dresden as an important choke-point for supplies and troops moving[23]. Further to that, the CBO was just, as it was humane as it shortened the war and prevented a lot more death and loses on both sides. Hasting in his book sums this humanity point when he states: we just wanted to get it over with if we could bring the end closer by dropping bombs on Germany that was fine by us[24]. In conclusion, the CBO was just, despite the controversies surrounding the bombing of Dresden, which others might see as an unjust and legally wrong act of the CBO which goes against Jus in Bello principle of proportionality. However, the principle of military necessity outweighs this school of thought as the German armament production figures continued to rise through much of 1944, and these would undoubtedly have been very much higher but for the effects of the bombing on both industry and workforce[25]. Thus, the CBO was a necessary and ethically just act, and attacks on industrial targets like supplies of fuel, which resorted to the bombing of industrial capacity[26] in order to slow down the Germans fighting edge. References Archives, The National Archives. The Rise and Fall of the German Air Force 1933-45. Kew, Richmond, Surrey: United Kingdom, 2008. Bess, Michael. Choices Under Fire: Moral Dimensions of World War II. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2008. Biddle, Tami Davis. Rhetoric and REality in Air Warfare. New Jersy: Princeton University Press, 2002. Charles Guthrie, Michael Quinlan. Just War; The Just War Tradition: Ethics in Modern Warfare. London, New York and Berlin: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2007. Christopher, Paul. The Ethics of War Peace. Uppper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc., 2004. Denson, John V. The Cost of War: Americas Pyrrhic Victories. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publisher, 1997. Grayling, A C. Among the Dead Cities. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2006. Green, Leslie C. The Contemporary Law of Armed Conflict. Manchester, Canada: Manchester University Press, 2008. Hastings, Max. Armageddon: The Battle for Germany 1944-45. Chatham, Kent: Mackays of Chatham plc, 2004. Hippler, Thomas. Bombing the People: Giulio Douhet and the Foundations of Air-Power Strategy, 1884-1939. Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press, 2013. Horst Boog, Gerhard Krebs, Detlef Vogel. Germany and the Second World War, Volume VII. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006. Johnson, James Turner. Morality and Contemporary Warfare. Binghamton, New York: Yale University Press, 1999. Overy, Richard J. The Air War, 1939-1945. New York: Stein and Day, 1980. Walzer, Michael. Just and Unjust Wars. New York: A Member of the Perseus Books Group, 2000. [1] Biddle, (2002), p.215 [2] Denson, (1997) p.352 [3] Walzer, (2000), p.144 [4] Boog et. al, (2006), p.365 [5] Christopher, (2004), p.163 [6] id. [7] Hastings, (2004), p.387 [8] Grayling, (2006), p. 202 [9] Johnson, (1999), p36 [10] Denson, (1997), p.352 [11] Walzer, (2000), p.129 [12] id. [13] Grayling, (2006), p. 227 [14] The National Archives (2008) p.298 [15] Johnson, (1999), p36 [16] Grayling, (2006), p.4 [17] ibid., (2006), p.4 [18] Hipper, (2013), p.170 [19] Grayling, (2006), p.216 [20] Green, (2008), p.17 [21] Hastings, (2004), p.376 [22] Ibid. p. 355 [23] Grayling, (2006), p.224 [24] Hastings, (2004), p. 370 [25] Ibid.378 [26] The National Archives, (2008), p.298

Testing the Theory of the Oedipus Complex :: Psychology Psychological Experiment

Abstract from Paper: ___________________________________________________ THEORY: If a subject in the experimental group shows more aggressive behavior toward his father and increased affectionate behavior toward their mother after receiving the subliminal messages and the control group shows no increase when shown neutral messages, then it will be proven that the Oedipus Complex does in fact exist in the unconscious. To prove this we bring the behavior out from the unconscious to the sub conscious through the subliminal messages. These boys have repressed these feelings for so long because it is too painful for them to deal with. ______________________________________________________ Research Paper Begins Here   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The positive libidinal feelings of a child to the parent of the opposite sex and hostile or jealous feelings toward the parent of the same sex that may be a source of adult personality disorder when unresolved. It is a pattern of profound emotional ambivalence, a troublesome mixture of love and hate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Oedipus Complex occurs during the phallic stage, from roughly ages 3-6 years. Freud believed that during this stage boys seek genital stimulation and develop both unconscious desires for their mother and jealousy and hatred for their father, whom they consider a rival. It was said that boys felt guilt and lurking fear that their father would punish them, such as by castration. Freud also believed that conscience and gender identity form as the child resolved the Oedipus Complex at age 5 or 6, but this actually happens earlier. A child tends to become strongly masculine or feminine without even having the same sex parent present.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Freud argues that all sons unconsciously desire to kill, even if they love, their fathers. He found his own unconscious wish to murder his father in his intensive self analysis in 1897, shortly after the death of his father.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Freud says it is only the male child that we find the fateful combination of love for the one parent and simultaneous hatred for the other as a rival. Freud believed Oedipal was a normal part of human psychological growth and it is during this stage children produce emotional conflicts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other psychoanalysts believed that girls experience a parallel called the "Electra Complex". This comes from a Greek legend of a women named Electra who helped plan the murder of her mother.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Oedipus Complex originates from a myth about a Greek hero named Oedipus, written by Sophocles. Oedipus was the son of Laius and Jocasta who in the fulfillment of an oracle unknowingly kills his father and marries his mother. When Oedipus and Jocasta realize what has happened, Jocasta hangs herself and he rips the golden brooches from his dead mothers gown and plunges them deep

MAC Brand Analysis Essay

1.0 Introduction The cosmetic industry is very competitive industry where product benefits and brand image are keys to success. The purpose of this report is to present an analysis of the brand M.A.C and its product lipstick with focus on T-C-B and I-D-U analysis, a clear positioning statement and target audience (s) including brand loyalty categories. The purpose at the end of this assignment is to have an understanding of what objective M.A.C needs to focus on for a creative strategy in the second part of this assignment. 2.0 Brand & Product Description The type of product selected for the positioning exercise is lipstick; the specific brand selected is M.A.C cosmetics owned by Estlee Lauder Corporation. It is noted that â€Å"lipstick† is a product description and is not owed but the company thus demonstrating M.A.C is one brand corporation. To determine if M.A.C has a strong market positioning within the women’s cosmetic industry particularly with their lipstick product both secondary research (trade publications) and individual â€Å"depth† interviews were conduct (see Appendix A ), and will be used for evaluation and conclusion. 3.0 Analysis The tools/models used for determining M.A.C’s market position were T.C.B & IDU models. The T-C-B model was used as a baseline for a serious of questions to guide a particular set of respondents that M.A.C caters for and is aiming to achieve a strong market position in this select category. 3.1 T-C-B 3.1.1 The Target Customer (T) Positioning The primary target demographic for any brand of lipstick is female. The types of consumers that are interested in bold colour selection, wanting to feel sexy and fashionable and want a lipstick that fit into their own personal style are M.A.C’s target audience. Thus the respondents used for this analysis are young fashionable conscious individual who seeking a look without compromising on the fashion trends. 3.1.2 The Category need (C) Positioning There are many needs that the product lipstick needs to satisfy to the consumer. The general needs that all lipstick must fill are coverage or â€Å"staying power† and hydration (lips not drying out) this was concluded form appendix A. The needs that M.A.C lipstick specifically fills can be divided into physical needs and the emotional needs. The most important physical needs as identify by â€Å"in-depth interviews† were a good range of colours and appealing packaging. The most important emotional needs stated through in depth interviews were the social and individual needs. 3.1.3 Benefits (B) Positioning To conclude that the following Key benefits were important to M.A.C target audience and the company and fill the category needs were drawn from the various responses from the in-depth interviews. These benefits are a â€Å"way in† to increase and maintain the target market (T). M.A.C fills the physical need being the large range of colours of lipstick by having the largest range of lipstick colours with 136 shades in their permanent collection not including the releases of new limited every few week. Compare to Bobbi Brown have only 36 shades in their permanent collection and Chanel which has 67 shades this was discovered through secondary research and by confirming this with in-depth interviews.When comparing the pictures of various packaging of different brands of lipstick in the in-depth interviews stimuli used to help identify benefits of the lipstick category to understand the various competing it was concluded that M.A.C packaging as describe by the respondents as simple , plastic/glass, eye-catching, chic, stylish and high product. Social needs is satisfied by belonging to a group. M.A.C associates itself with fashion, prestige beauty and youth culture and markets their product through testimonials and word of mouth via fashion shows and celebrities. Consumers who use M.A.C lipstick are â€Å"automatically† introduced to the M.A.C culture and their social need is satisfied. The need of individual is the biggest focus of M.A.C lipstick. An individual may have a need for self-expression and this is expressed by fashion and style. M.A.C realised that it could satisfy this need by simple product packaging made of plastic or glass; products have straight forward names and trend setting colours. 3.2 I-D-U Analysis 3.2.1 Central versus differentiated benefit positioning M.A.C lipstick adopts differentiated positioning on at least one important benefit. For instance M.A.C is functionally different bright range of colours and its target user is â€Å"individualists who express through fashion†. Rather than central positioning as the women’s industry is so competitive and to be successful M.A.C lipstick positioning will deliver better results for the corporation. As M.A.C lipstick is not seen as the consumer as â€Å"best of its kind† through in-depth interviews. 3.2.2 Emphasized benefit: Instinctual, archetypal, emotional or rational The benefit to be emphasized as the key benefit of M.A.C lipstick is the large range of colours to select from. This is emphasized as an both a functional benefit and emotional benefit proposition and uses type 2 of emotion. As M.A.C lipstick uses the strong appeal of being fashionable and sexy with a large range of colours to choose from as a transformational positive ending motivating emotion as evidence by the in-depth interviews. 3.2.3 Entry-tickets benefits The benefits what the consumer expects for M.A.C is to have a large range of colour for being a lipstick product category. However the consumers of M.A.C lipstick are told that M.A.C lipstick have the biggest range of colours through the professional make-up artist as employees through the M.A.C social network (twitter, Facebook) It was concluded that M.A.C lip colour range is the key benefit that make M.A.C should focus on promoting to the target consumer as it is the closes to the â€Å"ideal brand in that benefit when comparing 5 other brands. M.A.C clear delivery of the range of lip colours and their uniqueness set them apart from other brand. 4.0 Positioning Statement & Target audience 4.1 Positioning statement Determine the positioning statement for M.A.C from the TCB and IDU analysis the findings from the brand analysis are the following; The competitors of M.A.C are not just the leaders in women’s cosmetics lipstick but range from all companies that have a stake in the cosmetics industry. A perceptual map was devised from the in-depth interviews for an easy diagram showed all the competitors. (Appendix) These are all the competitors that must be taken into consideration when developing the positioning statement. Using the Rossiter-Percy-Bellman Grid it is establish that the product is acceptable in the low involvement, transformational sector this was further confirmed with the in-depth interviews. The attribute that were important to the consumers when evaluating the product of women’s lipstick these were discovered as; fashionable, sexy, range of colours, smoothness, staying power and hydration these where then rank or delivery and uniqueness by the top 5 main competitors and no-brand as all the other competitors see appendix B and C. Based on the IDU analysis and consumer research see appendix A, B &C it was determined how each competitor is positioned in the vision of the consumer. The top two main competitors of M.A.C were to be considered as Chanel and Bobbi Brown based on both higher end pricing and a large colour option pallet and are to be consider the leaders in the women’s cosmetics:- lipstick industry. So M.A.C needs to offer the consumer something very unique in the positioning statement to have brand differentiation to increase and maintain the target market. The various factors that distinguish the M.A.C consumer and their lifestyle, their purchase motivations and their different attributes that are important to them were concluded from the research (Appendix A). The positioning statement:- M.A.C is the women’s cosmetic brand that provides consumers lipstick to women who are 18-30 and belongs to the socioeconomic class of middle-high (T), M.A.C lipstick satisfies the need of self-expression in every women to be fashion forward and be accepted in the M.A.C culture (C) M.A.C’s benefit intention is to have the largest selection of lip colours, the most fashion forward of its kind in the industry and be artistic and creative for all women. (B) M.A.C needs to constantly work on their positioning statement to increase their brand market share via T-C-B & I-D-U brand analysis by doing this the company can always increase the perceived delivery of the M.A.C lipstick. 4.2 Target audience The target audience should be broadly described as 18-35 female in the middle-high social economic class. These are the follow segments that M.A.C is enter in with their differentiation marketing. M.A.C divides the market of their lipstick product into demographic segmentation being female and a specific age group because over 90% of their users belong in this specific category. However the product is not limited to this demographic segmentation. M.A.C furthermore divides the market on the basis of personality being fashion forward, artistic and creative which is a form of psychographic segmentation. The buying situations in which target market purchase M.A.C lipstick (that were discovered form in-depth interviews) where; outlets both direct through online shopping and in-store department store (David Jones), benefits sought as in the large colour range M.A.C product provides.. The consumers of M.A.C lipstick are brand loyals, however they can be routinized favourable brand switchers as well this is due to the positioning of M.A.C lipstick in the Rossiter-Percy-Bellman grid.

Testing of Hardened Concrete

Part B: Testing of hardened concrete 1. Objectives: The objective of the hardened concrete test was to determine the compressive and indirect tensile strength. On the other hand, this experiment was also used to examine the effect of curing condition on strength of concrete, the influence of specimen shape on compressive strength, the effect of compaction on compressive strength and this experiment was also to examine the effect of increasing water to cement ratio on compressive and in direct tensile strengths of concrete. 2. Procedure (Refer AS1012 for full details) 2. 1 Compressive Strength In this test, standard cylinders and cubes will be subjected to uniaxial compressive loading and the load will be applied gradually at a standard stress rate of 15MPa/min. , up to failure. The maximum applied load is recorded for the determination of the compressive strength. * When testing a cylinder, a hard- rubber cap is needed to achieve uniform loading. * When testing a cube the load is app lied to cast surface and no capping is needed. * Compressive strength of concrete [fc] (MPa) = Maximum Load [P] (N) / Load bearing area [A] (mm2) Load bearing area for cylinder = ? (r^2), where r is the radius of the cylinder Load bearing area for cube = d x d, where d is the cube size 2. 2 In-direct tensile strength (AS 1012:10) In this test, a standard cylinder is subjected to a compressive loading along its length and the cylinder splits in indirect-tension along the diagonal, due to the induced tension (Poisson's effect). It is necessary to use bearing strips between the concrete and the testing machine platens to avoid local crushing. In-direct tensile strength [fst] (MPa) is calculated using the following expression: (MPa) = 2000 x Maximum load P (kN) / ? l (mm) x d (mm) Where d and l are the diameter and length of the cylinder in mm. Testing procedure * Fix the compressometer centrally around the 100mm diameter cylinder. Carefully center the specimen in the testing machine. * Three times gradually load the specimen (15+2 MPa/minutes) to the test load level (40% of the cylinder strength) and unload it. Records need not to be kept during first loading Record the following: 1. Applied load when the deformation is such that the specimen is subjected to a longitudinal strain of 50 microstrain 2. Deformation attained at test load. 3.From these results the following are to be determined: 4. 1 = applied stress at the strain of 50 microstrain 5. 2 = applied stress corresponds to the test load 6. 3 = strain at test load 3. Test Result 3. 1 Compressive Strength – Cylinders (Water cured for 28 days) Specimen No. | Diameter| Height| Weight| Max. Load| cylinder strength (Mpa)| average cylinder strength (Mpa)|   | (mm)| (mm)| (g)| (kN)|   |   | A1. 1| 100. 1| 200| 4138| 569| 72. 3| 71. 6| A1. 2| 100. 1| 200| 4109| 555| 70. 5| | A1. 3| 100. 0| 200| 4125| 566| 72. 1| | B1. 1| 100. 3| 202| 4050| 490| 62. 0| 60. 5| B1. 2| 100. 2| 200| 4025| 463| 58. | | B1. 3 | 100. 1| 200| 4018| 478| 60. 7| | C1. 1| 100. 4| 203| 3995| 345| 43. 6| 45. 5| C1. 2| 99. 7| 204| 3981| 366| 46. 9| | C1. 3| 100. 4| 202| 3978| 365| 46. 1| | D1. 1| 100. 2| 198| 3842| 286| 36. 3| 36. 5| D1. 2| 100. 3| 202| 3833| 277| 35. 1| | D1. 3| 99. 9| 201| 3865| 299| 38. 1| | Table1. Compressive Strength – Cylinders (Water cured for 28 days) Observation: 3. 2 Compressive Strength – Cylinders (Air stored for 28 days) Specimen No. | Diameter| Height| Weight| Max. Load| cylinder strength (Mpa)| average cylinder strength (Mpa)| | (mm)| (mm)| (g)| (kN)| | | A1. 4| 100. 2| 201| 3946| 373| 47. 3| 48. | A1. 5| 100. 2| 200| 3947| 397| 50. 3| | A1. 6| 99. 7| 201| 3954| 383| 49. 1| | B1. 4| 99. 8| 200| 3863| 319| 40. 8| 41. 3| B1. 5| 100. 3| 201| 3890| 334| 42. 3| | B1. 6| 100. 2| 200| 3883| 323| 41. 0| | C1. 4| 100. 0| 202| 3800| 305| 38. 8| 38. 4| C1. 5| 99. 7| 203| 3795| 296| 37. 9| | C1. 6| 100. 2| 202| 3783| 304| 38. 6| | D1. 4| 99. 8| 203| 3738| 193| 24. 7| 25. 7| D1. 5| 100. 1| 202| 3726| 205| 26. 0| | D1. 6| 99. 7| 202| 3717| 205| 26. 3| | Table2. Compressive Strength – Cylinders (Air stored for 28 days) Observation: 3. 3 Indirect Tensile Strength – Cylinders (Water cured for 28 days) Specimen No. Diameter| Length| Weight| Max. Load| cylinder strength (Mpa)| average cylinder strength (Mpa)| | (mm)| (mm)| (g)| (kN)| | | A1. 7| 100. 2| 201| 4151| 151| 19. 1| 20. 1| A1. 8| 100. 1| 201| 4137| 169| 21. 5| | A1. 9| 100. 1| 203| 4166| 155| 19. 7| | B1. 7| 100. 2| 201| 4044| 136| 17. 2| 16. 5| B1. 8| 100. 1| 201| 4022| 129| 16. 4| | B1. 9| 99. 8| 200| 4002| 124| 15. 9| | C1. 7| 100. 2| 202| 3899| 115| 14. 6| 14. 6| C1. 8| 99. 7| 200| 3912| 109| 14. 0| | C1. 9| 99. 9| 201| 3903| 120| 15. 3| | D1. 7| 99. 8| 198| 3861| 96| 12. 3| 12. 3| D1. 8| 100. 1| 200| 3837| 93| 11. 8| | D1. 9| 100. 2| 198| 3859| 102| 12. 9| |Table 3 Indirect Tensile Strength – Cylinders (Water cured for 28 days) Observation 3. 4 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity  œ Cubes (Water cured for 28 days) Specimen No. | Path Length| Elapsed Time| pulse velocity(km/s)| average velocity(km/s)| cylinder strength (Mpa)| | (mm)| (? sec)| | | | A1. 10| 100. 1| 21. 1| 4. 7| 4. 8| 20. 1| A1. 11| 100. 2| 20. 9| 4. 8| | | A1. 12| 100. 1| 20. 7| 4. 8| | | B1. 10| 100. 0| 21. 2| 4. 7| 4. 7| 16. 5| B1. 11| 100. 1| 21. 4| 4. 7| | | B1. 12| 99. 9| 21. 3| 4. 7| | | C1. 10| 99. 9| 21. 5| 4. 6| 4. 6| 14. 6| C1. 11| 100. 0| 21. 6| 4. 6| | | C1. 12| 100. 1| 21. 6| 4. 6| | | D1. 10| 99. 9| 21. 9| 4. | 4. 5| 12. 3| D1. 11| 100. 2| 22. 0| 4. 6| | | D1. 12| 100. 1| 22. 1| 4. 5| | | Table 4. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity – Cubes (Water cured for 28 days) 3. 5 Compressive Strength – Cubes (Water cured for 28 days) Specimen No. | Width| Depth| Weight| Max. Load| cylinder strength (Mpa)| average cylinder strength (Mpa)| | (mm)| (mm)| (g)| (kN)| | | A1. 10| 100. 1| 100. 2| 2631| 695| 88. 3| 86. 2| A1. 11| 100. 2| 100. 0| 2625| 677| 85. 9| | A1. 12| 100. 1| 100. 1| 2611 | 664| 84. 4| | B1. 10| 100. 0| 100. 0| 2536| 555| 70. 7| 72. 2| B1. 11| 100. 1| 99. 9| 2548| 567| 72. 0| | B1. 12| 99. 9| 99. 9| 2539| 580| 74. 0| | C1. 10| 99. 9| 100. | 2497| 431| 55. 0| 54. 6| C1. 11| 100. 0| 99. 8| 2484| 420| 53. 5| | C1. 12| 100. 1| 100. 1| 2500| 436| 55. 4| | D1. 10| 99. 9| 100. 0| 2461| 357| 45. 5| 44. 2| D1. 11| 100. 2| 100. 1| 2453| 345| 43. 8| | D1. 12| 100. 1| 100. 0| 2462| 340| 43. 2| | Table 5. Compressive Strength – Cubes (Water cured for 28 days) Observation 4. Presentation of Test Results Materials | Mix A | Mix B | Mix C | Mix D | Cement content (kg/m3) | 16| 16| 16| 16| Free water content (kg/m3) | 6. 4| 7. 2| 8| 8. 8| Free water/cement ratio | 0. 4| 0. 45| 0. 5| 0. 55| Hardened unit weight (kg/m3) | 2614. 03| 2550. 70| 2476. 86| 2467. 41| Cylinder strength (MPa) | 71. 3056253| 60. 4904288| 45. 5208526| 36. 49120537| Indirect tensile strength (MPa) | 20. 10660749| 16. 4968345| 14. 6184321| 12. 34162357| Ultrasonic pulse velocity (km/s) | 4. 791360998| 4. 69489736| 4. 63680017| 4. 548533685| Cube strength (MPa) | 86. 18075386| 72. 236373| 54. 6216624| 44. 16699149| Plot the following graphical relationships and discuss these relationships a) Cylinder compressive strength versus free water-to-cement ratio [water-cured] As seen from the graphical relationship, as the free water content of cement decreases the compressive strength of the concrete specimen will increase.These two properties are inversely proportional to each other. This may be due to the extra water diluting the cement paste mixture which will weaken the bonding between cement paste and aggregates, and hence decreases the compressive strength of the concrete. b) Cylinder compressive strength versus free water-to-cement ratio [air-stored] The ratio between the compressive strength and the free water to cement ratio for the air cured specimens shows a similar trend to that of the water cured i. e. inversely proportional to each other. However it can be obser ved that the compressive strength is lower than that of the water cured specimens.This is due to the superior moisture conditions that the water curing option provides. c) Cylinder compressive strength [water-cured] to cylinder compressive strength [air-stored] ratio versus cylinder strength [water-cured] Comparing the ratio of strengths of water cured concrete and air stored concrete against the strength of just water cured concrete, a difference in strength can be seen. From the graph above, concrete cured in water have higher compressive strength than that of air stored concrete. Therefore, if high strength concrete is needed for construction, it would be important to expose concrete to moist conditions during curing. ) Cylinder indirect tensile strength versus free water-to-cement ratio [water-cured] e) Cylinder indirect tensile strength versus cylinder compressive strength [water-cured] f) Cylinder indirect tensile strength to cylinder compressive strength ratio versus cylinder compressive strength [water-cured] g) Cylinder compressive strength versus ultrasonic pulse velocity [water-cured] h) Cube compressive strength versus free water-to-cement ratio [water-cured] A large free water to cement ratio can cause segregation of aggregates, which leads to uneven distribution of aggregate, strength will vary.This theory can be clearly seen in the graph above. As free water to cement ration increases, compressive strength decreases. i) Cylinder compressive strength versus cube compressive strength [water-cured] – include the theoretical relationship cylinder compressive strength = 0. 80 x cube compressive strength for each mix) As seen from the trend of the results, the cube strength of concrete for a particular mix is always stronger than that of the cylindrical shape. The reason for this result is due to the advantageous geometric properties that a cube precedes over the cylindrical shape.The cubic specimen has anchor points at the corners of the cube which provide greater compressive strength. A general rule states that cylinder strength is about 80% of cube strength. Therefore, it can be stipulated that in construction, members with a square cross – section would have greater compressive strength than that of a cylindrical member. Members with square cross – section would be able to handle futher loads than a same sized cylindrical member. According to our results, the experimental data is quite close to our theoretical data.However, experimental result tends to be slightly higher than theoretical data. Indirect tensile test Apparatus Avery 200Ton concrete test console Bearing strips Dental plaster Procedure Using the same machine as the compressive test, a compressive load is induced along the cylinders length which caused failure along the diagonal direction by tension. Bearing strips are used between the cylinder and testing machine platens which avoids local crushing. Concrete sample was placed between bearing strips which was placed on the undersell testing machine laterally.A constant load was applied to the sample at a rate of 15Mpa/min until the sample fails. Specimen No. | Diameter| Length| Weight| Max. Load| cylinder strength (Mpa)| average cylinder strength (Mpa)|   | (mm)| (mm)| (g)| (kN)|   |   | A1. 7| 100. 2| 201| 4151| 151| 19. 1| 20. 1| A1. 8| 100. 1| 201| 4137| 169| 21. 5| | A1. 9| 100. 1| 203| 4166| 155| 19. 7| | B1. 7| 100. 2| 201| 4044| 136| 17. 2| 16. 5| B1. 8| 100. 1| 201| 4022| 129| 16. 4| | B1. 9| 99. 8| 200| 4002| 124| 15. 9| | C1. 7| 100. 2| 202| 3899| 115| 14. 6| 14. 6| C1. 8| 99. | 200| 3912| 109| 14. 0| | C1. 9| 99. 9| 201| 3903| 120| 15. 3| | D1. 7| 99. 8| 198| 3861| 96| 12. 3| 12. 3| D1. 8| 100. 1| 200| 3837| 93| 11. 8| | D1. 9| 100. 2| 198| 3859| 102| 12. 9| | Indirect Tensile strength – Cylinders (Water cured for 28 days) Non-destructive testing Specimen No. | Path Length| Elapsed Time| pulse velocity(km/s)| average velocity| cylinder strength ( Mpa)|   | (mm)| (? sec)|   |   |   | A1. 10| 100. 1| 21. 1| 4. 7| 4. 8| 71. 6| A1. 11| 100. 2| 20. 9| 4. 8| | | A1. 12| 100. 1| 20. 7| 4. 8| | | B1. 10| 100. 0| 21. | 4. 7| 4. 7| 60. 5| B1. 11| 100. 1| 21. 4| 4. 7| | | B1. 12| 99. 9| 21. 3| 4. 7| | | C1. 10| 99. 9| 21. 5| 4. 6| 4. 6| 45. 5| C1. 11| 100. 0| 21. 6| 4. 6| | | C1. 12| 100. 1| 21. 6| 4. 6| | | D1. 10| 99. 9| 21. 9| 4. 6| 4. 5| 36. 5| D1. 11| 100. 2| 22. 0| 4. 6| | | D1. 12| 100. 1| 22. 1| 4. 5| | | Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity – Cubes (Water cured for 28 days) Cylinder indirect tensile strength versus free water-to-cement ratio [water-cured] The tensile strength of concrete showed a linear relationship with the free water to cement ratio.As the free water to cement ration increased, the tensile strength of concrete decreased. This shows a similar relationship between free water to cement ratio and the compressive strength of concrete as seen in part A and B. It also follows the general trend that an increase in free water to cement ration will decrease the strength of hardened concrete. Cylinder indirect tensile strength to cylinder compressive strength ratio versus cylinder compressive strength [water-cured] From this diagram we are able to observe the relationship between cylinder tensile strength vs. ompressive strength. It is known that concrete is naturally weak in tension, however and increase in the compressive strength will also increase the tensile strength. This is increase the two properties of concrete is due to the lower water to cement ratio which increases the concentration of cement paste providing aggregates to cement paste bonding. This diagram shows the fraction of tensile strength in comparison to its compressive strength of a particular mix. The magnitude is approximately constant for all four mixes, thus showing a concrete tensile strength is an approximate.Cylinder compressive strength versus ultrasonic pulse velocity [water-cured] The above graph shows the relati onship between compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity. The relationship shows that the higher the cylinder strength, the more ultrasonic pulse velocity is produced. This link indicates that with higher concrete strength, the denser the concrete specimen. The transmission time of the pulse travelling through the specimen is much shorter in denser materials. Discussion of all test results Effects of free water content on the properties of fresh concrete (workability and unit weight of concrete).Free water refers to the amount of water that is available for the concrete hydration process after the absorption of the aggregates has been taken into account. If the aggregate is saturated and wet, this will increase the amount of water available for the hydration process, increasing the free water content of the concrete mix. The workability and unit weight of fresh concrete are affected by the free water content as the variables alter the way concrete is utilized and transporte d and a construction site.The most common way of measuring the workability of concrete batch is by measuring the amount of slump in accordance with Australian Standards. A linear relationship between fresh concrete and free water content can be seen from the results of testing fresh concrete. When the free water-content increases, the slump of the concrete batch increases respectively. Lubricating effects can be seen between cement and aggregate particles and thus the more water present in the concrete mix, the easier for particles to slip and slide over each other and therefore increasing the workability.In terms of unit weight, it will decrease with the increase in water content. Cement mainly consists of water, cement and aggregates with respective specific gravities of approximately 1. 00, 3. 15 and 2. 65. With water having the least weight per unit volume, it can be assumed that with an increase in water content in a concrete mixture, the lower unit weight of concrete will be i n the mixture when the mixture is combined as there are lower amount of aggregates and cement which are the heavier elements in a concrete mixture.Lower unit weigh of concrete indicates that lighter concrete mixture for the same volume, and this is beneficial property of fresh concrete as it allows easier pumping around the construction site, however, higher water content can affect the strength of hardened concrete so equilibrium of cost versus benefit must be considered. Effects of free water content on the hardened concrete properties (compressive strength, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity) As shown in the graphs, the compressive strength of concrete generally increases as the free water to cementitious materials ratio is decreased.However as also seen in the graphs the compressive strength of cylindrical shape specimens tends to increase as free water to cementitious materials ratio is decreased at a decreasing rate whilst cube shaped specimens tends to increase in com pressive strength as free water to cementitious materials ratios decreased at an increasing rate. However for cube shaped specimens its compressive strength is relatively higher than that of cylindrical shaped specimens as seen in the graphs.Cylinder strength requires a larger reduction in free water to cementitious materials ratio in order to achieve the same strength as cube strength. A similar behavior can be seen between water cured cylinder specimens and air cured cylinder specimens. Air cured requires a further reduction in free water to cementitious materials ratio to achieve the same strength as water cured. For tensile strength, as the free water to cementitious materials ratio is decreased at a decreasing rate, the strength of the concrete increases.However tensile strength tends to increase less than compressive strength as the free water to cementitious materials ratio is increased. As seen in the graphs also, the modulus of elasticity for concrete tends to increase as t he free water to cement is decreased at an increasing rate. Effects of curing condition on the compressive strength of concrete Curing of concrete is known as the process which encourages cement hydration where an adequate supply of moisture is required to ensure that the rate of hydration of cement is adequate enough to achieve the desired strength for the concrete.Curing allows for continuous hydration of cement where the more days that the concrete is cured the more gain in strength at a decreasing rate there is for the concrete. However this gain in strength will be halted when cement hydration stops, due to the internal relative humidity of the concrete dropping below 80%. Curing of concrete is largely influenced by temperature and humidity, where concrete cured in air after several days of water or moist curing will never reach the strength of concrete that is continuously cured in water.Overall the more days that the concrete is water the more gain in strength there will be f or the concrete. Therefore it is very important to properly cure concrete in order to achieve optimum strength. Effect of specimen shape on compressive strength The compressive strength of concrete is also influenced by the shape of the testing specimen. In general, the compressive strength for cube shape concrete is relatively higher than the compressive strength of cylindrical shape concrete.This is largely due to the fact that in cube shaped concrete, the stress is further away from the uniaxial cracking whilst for cylindrical shaped concrete the stress is near the uniaxial cracking. Discuss your reflection on the importance of the laboratory session After having participated in the laboratory testing of fresh concrete and hardened concrete, we now have an in depth knowledge of the behavior of concrete in civil engineering structures, as well we know the various methods and preparation of producing concrete to achieve a particular goal in terms of strength and durability.The impo rtance of our laboratory class is that it lets us see the practical side of concrete properties where practical properties of concrete may sometimes not match the theoretical methods of concrete. This is quite common. The laboratory classes lets us learn how to prepare and produce concrete in order to achieve a particular goal in terms of strength and durability, as well we are able to see how real life situations and environments can affect the behavior of concrete particularly during curing.This would most likely be an important knowledge to us when we go to work in the real world. The laboratory has also helped gain an in depth knowledge of how to produce the most workable, durable and most economical concrete. Conclusion As highlighted in the report, the factors which influence the performance of concrete include: free water to cement ratio, curing, specimen shape. The amount of free water in concrete is critical given that concrete strength decreases as free water to cement rat io is increased.Curing environment is also an important factor influencing the performance of concrete where an appropriate environment is required to give an adequate supply of moisture is required to ensure that the rate of hydration of cement is adequate enough to achieve the desired strength for the concrete. However in general concrete cured in air after several days of water or moist curing will never reach the strength of concrete that is continuously cured in water. Overall the more days that the concrete is water the more gain in strength there will be for the concrete.The shape of the specimen is also an important factor influencing the performance of the concrete. As observed in the report, cubic strength of concrete is generally higher than that of cylindrical strength. The workability of fresh concrete is also largely influenced by the free water to cement ratio, where the workability of concrete increases as the free water to cement increases REFERENCE Standards Austra lia International Ltd (2010), AS1012. 3. 1-1998:Methods of testing concrete –determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete – slump test, SAI GLOBAL, accessed 24th April 2012 http//www. aiglobal. com. ezproxy. lib. uts. edu. au/online/autologin. asp Standards Australia International Ltd (2010), AS1012. 5 – 1999: Methods of testing concrete – Determination of mass per unit volume of freshly mixed concrete, SAI GLOBAL, accessed 24th April 2012 http//www. saiglobal. com. ezproxy. lib. uts. edu. au/online/autologin. asp Standards Australia International Ltd (2010), AS1012. 10 – 2000: Methods of testing concrete – Determination of tensile strength of concrete cylinders, SAI GLOBAL, accessed 24th April 2012 http//www. aiglobal. com. ezproxy. lib. uts. edu. au/online/autologin. asp Standards Australia International Ltd (2010), AS1012. 9 – 1999: Methods of testing concrete – Determination of the compressive strength of concrete specimens, SAI GLOBAL, accessed 24th April 2012 http//www. saiglobal. com. ezproxy. lib. uts. edu. au/online/autologin. asp Vessalas, K. (2010), 48352: Construction Materials Lecture Notes, University of Technology, Sydney http://www. icar. utexas. edu/publications/105/105 1. pdf viewed on 24/4/2012