Buyer behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Purchaser conduct - Essay Example One of the primary reasons of this report is to concentrate how this notice battle trademark has helped in boosting the organization’s deals and whether it has been successful (John, March 21, 2002). To do this one should distinguish who the trademark is focused on, what items are offered by the association, when the item is being used, the situating of the advert and ultimately why the motto is so powerful. So as to know who the item is focused on, one needs to think about the item itself. Nike association has a wide scope of items, going from sport shoes, garments and drinking bottles. A most basic aspect regarding these items is that, they are for the most part utilized when individuals are performing sport related exercises, for example, running, bouncing or climbing. The promotion battle â€Å"Just Do It† targets both the youthful and the old who fills they have the solidarity to go an additional mile. The battle motto summons the soul to go an additional mile. As indicated by experts, the commercial battle was for the most part fruitful in focusing on sport sweethearts since it gave them the inspiration to accomplish something, when they thought their quality was exhausted (John, March 21,2002). This implies the promotion crusade gave them an additional inspiration to simply feel free to do whatever it is they thought was unthinkable. Most clients are eager to pay more cash for the brand since they judge it as beige more predominant than some other brand in its field. The brand has likewise been related with driving associations in their specific fields, for example, Coco-cola Gillette and other driving associations. This has helped in extending its client out reach. As indicated by administrators of the organization, this has been made conceivable because of the utilization of the trademark â€Å"Just Do It† in their ad battle. What's more, as per research most clients have related the brand with style and unwavering quality. This ha s likewise had a critical impact in growing the organisation’s buyer standpoint. Taking everything into account, one can express that the ad battle trademark targets athlete and ladies, age not being a block and individuals who are happy to go an additional mile to accomplish all out fulfillment. Nike association offers a scope of items, for example, sport shoes, sport garments, drinking bottles and numerous different items identified with sports. Be that as it may, the organisation’s blockbuster to date, because of the motto utilized as its principle ad battle, is shoes. This item has helped the organization in extending its market shear in a very clogged industry. As a result of the achievement of the trademark, the association has had the option to order more deals, regardless to its profoundly valued items. This has helped in producing more income than any of its rival. After the association actualized its ‘Just Do It’ motto in its crusade, the associa tion saw its market shear ascend, because of impact it had on the purchasers. Its game shoe business rose from eighteen percent to a challenging forty-three percent, in less ten years of the ad crusade usage. This implies, the motto impacted the customers conduct, which prompted achievement the organization has today. The association brand is colossally compelling in the market. Its items are very much related to its marking of a tick like figure, which likewise goes with the motto that the organization utilizes as its fundamental trademark in promotions crusades

How nutrition relates to bone health Research Paper

How nourishment identifies with bone wellbeing - Research Paper Example The accompanying examination will assist the peruser with understanding the key structure hinders that are required by the body so as to perform and keep up a sound skeletal framework. Right off the bat, and most clearly, calcium just as nutrient K and nutrient D are the most essential and significant structure squares of legitimate bone quality and sustenance. Despite the fact that calcium is what is principally engaged upon concerning keeping up legitimate bone thickness and wellbeing, both nutrient K and nutrient D help to control the degrees of calcium in the circulation system just as to energize and debilitate how this calcium is combined inside the bone marrow itself (Marian 440). In spite of the fact that this nutrient and supplement are frequently referenced at the same moment with bone wellbeing and nourishment, not many people comprehend the procedures that every one of these play in appropriate bone wellbeing. Right off the bat, nutrient D is changed over to what is known as calcidiol in the liver. When this change has occurred, the calcidiol is then siphoned through the circulatory system with the sole plan of trying to control the degrees of calcium a nd phosphate that exist in the circulatory system. Calcidiol acts along these lines as a hormone to manage levels of aggravates that exist all through the body (Price 143). By acting in this administrative style, the body can utilize the calcium and phosphate levels that are in the circulatory system so as to appropriately assemble solid bones. Similarly, nutrient K assists with controlling the degree of calcium restricting that happens inside the bone structure. In like manner, notwithstanding calcium and nutrient K, D, the body needs to keep up sufficient degrees of magnesium; the second most copious mineral, after calcium, in the skeleton. Magnesium has a large group of utilizations as for bone wellbeing; be that as it may, for the motivations behind this short examination it can comprehended to have a direct and significantly significant impact on the boney framework that assists with giving bones their thickness and

The end of a chapter

The end of a chapter Hello guys! Sorry for the super duper long hiatus :( After my final exams which ended early June, I immediately set off for some traveling (I was in desperate need of some de-stressing) then came back to Cambridge to pack my whole life there into 4 suitcases, attend a May ball and say farewell to all my friends. I then flew back to Boston on 20th June and started work/research the next day! Sounds exhilarating and somewhat exhausting, doesn’t it? Now it has been more than two weeks since I left England. It feels somewhat surreal how time flew by so quickly! I am now a rising senior *letting out a little scream in my head*. After a year studying abroad, I thought I should do a little reflection on my experience for MIT students who are considering spending one or two semesters abroad. I feel that this is also something freshmen should know about, surprisingly enough. One regret I have is not planning my classes properly before my year abroad and now, I can’t take some of the classes I really want to take, since my schedule for senior year is already so packed :( Studying in Cambridge is a great experience. On the top of my favorite-things-in-Cambridge list are actually the courses (Tripos) I took, which consist of physiology, pathology and biochemistry. Physiology is my favorite subject of all times! It’s supposedly really similar to MIT’s 7.20J Human Physiology, but since each Tripos lasts for one whole academic year, it was taught at much greater depth and breadth. We learnt about the cardiovascular system, respiration, endocrinology, renal physiology and body fluid homeostasis, reproduction, development, fetal and neonatal physiology, exercise physiology and man and vertebrates in extreme environment!! (Try saying all that in one breath!)  Such materials are very different from the biology classes I took at MIT during my freshman and sophomore year, which mainly focus on biochemistry, molecular and cell biology. Physiology to me, acts as a bridge between the cellular and the whole-organism levels, helping me gain a very balanced and c omplete picture of biology as a whole. It is also an excellent partner to my other two courses, Pathology and Biochemistry. By the way, Pathology is a really fascinating Tripos too! Now, every time someone sneezes, coughs, has an abrasion or even just talks of a disease, in my mind I think of the mechanisms of infection, activation of the immune system and tissue repair! I know, it sounds REALLY geeky, but it’s truly a fantastic feeling to understand the biological processes happening around you! My labmate, Suehern during one of our physiology lab sessions on exercise physiology Checkout my review walls (or parts of them). Pretty intense eh? Biochemistry labs Where I spent most of April and May- Queens College library Enough about classes though! In Cambridge, I also fell in love with the history and beautiful sceneries of this little town. I mean, Cambridge is voted as one of the ten most beautiful places to visit in England for a reason! The charming town replete with cobblestone streets epitomizes the quintessential Englishness: beautiful Gothic and Tudor architecture of cathedrals, libraries and dining halls, punting on the river, garden parties, sipping Pimms on the lawn, lads looking as if they come straight out of a Jane Austen novel and students biking everywhere around town. I would like to share with you all some photos of Cambridge taken by a fellow CME student, Ho Yin Au! His photos are truly fantastic and they manage to capture the breathtaking beauty of Cambridge! St Johns Street Clare College Cam river Kings Parade Sunset in Cambridge Punting! Trinity College Chapel Kings College Bridge of Sighs, St Johns college Thank you for the photos, Ho Yin! Another aspect of Cambridge that I greatly enjoyed is Formal Halls and May balls. Formal hall is a dinner held at different colleges where students need to dress in formal attires and often gowns to dine. Its usually held 3-4 times a week. May ball, on the other hand, is a ball only held at the end of the academic year. The ball is organized by any one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge. Its a glitz and glamor event that starts around 9 p.m. and lasts until well after dawn, Survivors photographs are taken of those who last until morning. St Johns college being all glammed up for May ball and its fireworks! Old friends and new friends at St Johns Check out the fashion of the men of Cambridge! Mr Photographer taking the survivor photo at St Johns Another great perk of spending a year in Cambridge is traveling around the UK and continental Europe. In the UK, I visited London, Oxford, Birmingham, Reading, Bath, York, Edinburgh and Brighton while in continental Europe, I went to Switzerland (Bern and Geneva), Germany (Freiburg and Karlsruhe), Spain (Madrid and Toledo), Sweden (Stockholm) and Lithuania (Vilnius). Yes. I have the travel bug. Even though, this is my forth-consecutive year I visited Europe, I was still amazed every time I reached a new destination! For instance, in the small and quiet town of Toledo (a municipality south of Madrid), my mind was blown away by Catedral Primada Santa María de Toledo’s breathtaking architecture and stained glass, as well as the cathedral’s stunning collections of valuable artworks by El Greco and Francisco Goya! Seeing the sunlight penetrating through the ceiling windows, forming a brilliant circle of radiance did make my heart skip a beat. The best thing about traveling to all these places though, is the company of all my wonderful friends/hosts. Mathilde, a fellow student from Cambridge, shows me the beautiful cities of Bern and Geneva with bears (REAL BEARS!) and giant fountain Jet dEau. Danielle’12 and CJ ’13 showed me the cosmopolitan action-packed Madrid. Karolina, my Cambridge ballroom teammate, drove me around Vilnius and also took care of me when I had high fever and horrible sore-throat when I just arrived in Lithuania. I also had the chance to reconnect with my secondary school friends from Vietnam and my high school friends from Singapore, who are currently studying or working abroad in England and Europe. I even met up with a friend whom I knew from an international science fair in India five years ago! With all that said, I did think about MIT a lot during my stay in Cambridge. At the beginning of the school year, being away from all my friends and getting used to the new environment weren’t easy! I also received tons of emails of new exciting happenings at MIT that I would have loved to join but couldn’t since I was away. What I missed the most is actually those late nights working together with my friends trying to solve a difficult problem set or to work on a group project. Such experience at MIT gave me a strong sense of camaraderie, mutual support, “we-are-all-in-this-together” sort-of feeling. Also it has created a close-knit and caring community who helped me overcome many obstacles during my first two years of MIT.  At Cambridge, group work and group projects are rather uncommon; grades are determined by end-of-year final exams and the most important exam component is writing essays, a somewhat segregated process. Another aspect of MIT that I missed dearly in Cambridge is the ability to do UROP/research during the school term. At Cambridge, it’s extremely rare for undergraduates to participate in a research project during term time. For me, such direct participation in the brainstorming and problem-solving process, as well as the opportunity to use cutting-edge technology in research, not only reinforces what I learn in class, but also fuels my enthusiasm for science!!! Furthermore, learning about my friends’ research projects, their ideas and insights greatly inspires and motivates me. They do some really cool stuff that I would love to talk about in future blog posts! All in all, studying abroad at Cambridge is an unforgettable experience. It helps me gain new academic perspectives, appreciation for other cultures, and many amazing new friends! Thanks to CME, I also realize the different aspects of MIT that I appreciate and treasure the most.  When my plane landed at Logan airport, I did whisper: Its home :) :) :)

Gun Control Essay - 1151 Words

Firearms are dangerous weapons used to intentionally and unintentionally kill people, which lead to one of Americaï ¿ ½s most heated debates: gun control. With increasing crime and violence, many people look to gun control laws as a way to slow these trends down. On the other hand, others believe that owning a gun is a constitutional right that should never be taken away. James Q. Wilsonï ¿ ½s essay ï ¿ ½Just Take Away Their Gunsï ¿ ½ is an attempt to offer a solution to both sides of this argument. He claims that illegal possession of firearms is the problem and that frisking suspicious characters would be a good solution to the debate of gun control. However, random frisking to end illegal gun possession is a violation of privacy and an overbearing task†¦show more content†¦A study showed that between ï ¿ ½1997 and 1998, 35,000 of the 45,000 stop-and-frisks reported by the [Special Crime Unit] did not result in an arrest. A statistical analysis revealed that the [Spec ial Crime Unit] stopped 16 African Americans for every arrest madeï ¿ ½ (Boyd 31). This statement proves that if racial profiling is a problem in one of the most diverse cities in the world, then it will definitely be a problem anywhere else in the nation. Another problem Wilson faces is unnecessary search and seizure and the violation of the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment protects citizens against unreasonable searches and seizures. Wilsonï ¿ ½s proposal to end illegal gun possession by random frisking goes against the Fourth Amendment. It is lawful to search someone who is suspicious or of questionable character, but only the police officer conducting the search is able to determine who meets these requirements. For example, a police officer could say that a piece of clothing may be suspicious because it may be gang related or that it is baggy enough to fit a gun in the pocket. The possibilities of what a police officer can deem suspicious are limitless and unfair. The rights of citizensï ¿ ½ privacy are at the discretion of a single officer and he or she could easily violate and abuse the rights and responsibilities entailed to him or her, asShow MoreRelatedGun Control766 Words   |  4 PagesGun Control Paper Gun Control has been an issue that has been brought to the public’s eyes in recent years. This main issue has been going on for many years, for example when John F. Kennedy was assassinated; it raised public awareness to the lack of control on sales and also possession of guns in America. Until 1968 guns were available over the counter in stores and through mail catalogs to just about any adult in America. This was an example of how loosely guns were regulated which bring usRead MoreGun Violence And Gun Control1007 Words   |  5 Pagesshootings and various other methods of gun violence, tens of thousands of people die every year. These gun-related deaths primarily originate from murder and children accidentally shooting themselves. Although those in favor of gun control tend to believe that guns should be terminated completely, the second amendment prevents lawmakers from being able to do so. Therefore, in order to combat these causes, alternative gun control solutions mu st be made for each one. Gun-related murders can be decreasedRead MoreThe Gun Laws And Gun Control965 Words   |  4 Pagesoriginate from the accessibility of guns, but rather the actions of an individual that has disregard for life in today s society. There will always be ways for the offender commit crimes with or without guns. What is being done about gun control? We have all heard of all the tragedies throughout the country regarding guns. According to the President (2013) We know that we cannot stop every act of violence with guns, but what if we tried to stop even one? Weapon controls in the U.S. is structured atRead MoreGun Control For Gun Violence880 Words   |  4 PagesIn 2015, 13,367 people lost their lives due to gun violence according to Gun Violence Archive. The Archive also states that out of that number, 693 were children from ages 0-11. We can all agree that there is indeed a problem that we have to address. The solution to that problem, however, has been debated by many. I believe the solution to this problem exists in three parts: Mandatory training and licensing along with more heavily secure gun storage, stricter regulations on the purchasing of a firearm—disabilitiesRead MoreGuns And Their Effect On Gun Control962 Words   |  4 PagesGuns and the ability to use them have been under attack in the United States and many other places throughout the World. There are groups of people that believe that as long as we have the right to bear arms that many unprotected people will lose their lives due to gun violence. There are many trends that come with gun violence and where these mass shooting occur, but a main one is that when a place legally prohibits carrying a weapon then that is where the most gun violence happens. Where guns areRead MoreGuns And Gun Control855 Words   |  4 PagesThe rise in cases of gun violence and related incidences of assault has drawn the public to the issue of guns and gun control. Such has been evident within the spheres of politics especially with the last election period seeing the incumbent president Donald Trump suggesting on stringent gun control laws. However, despite the acknowledgment of the need to have better gun laws, much ground and consensus has never reached. Such, to an extent, contributed to the current lack of political goodwill withinRead MoreThe I ssue Of Gun Control Essay868 Words   |  4 Pages Gun Control Gun Control. Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection. Detroit: Gale, 2016. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 30 Apr. 2016. In this website, it discusses the debatable topic of gun control. In the article titled Gun Control, it states that the â€Å"The United States is the leader in per-capita gun deaths among industrial nations.† The main point of this article was to get the point across about the controversy that this has brought into the United States, not only does it quote influentialRead More Gun Control Essay1065 Words   |  5 Pages Gun Control Throughout America there is the constant debate concerning the second amendment or the right to bare arms. One day an innocent kid walking home from school gets shot in a drive by shooting is he just a victim of circumstance or could this of been easily prevented. There are lobbyist for the private ownership of guns and lobbyist for legislation to ban personal possession of guns for good. In this paper I hope that just maybe I can persuade you to think differently on a topic that’sRead MoreThe Assault Of Gun Control920 Words   |  4 PagesGun control has become a hot topic in the United States as of now. There will be those who are for guns and those who are against guns. Those who are for guns, assert that it is our right to bear arms according to the 2nd amendment and those who are against guns, believe that guns are unnecessary and cause more violence. Assault weapons, in particular, have caused too many deaths and the government needs to put a ban on assault weapons. First and foremost, assault weapons have claimed the livesRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control Essay982 Words   |  4 PagesGuns have become a serious issue in today’s society. There have been incalculable incidents that involved a gun causing physical harm to a person. This can occur when guns are not properly stored in a safe location. House Bill 75 has been proposed to help solve this problem. With this bill set in place, if a minor has the ability to access a firearm unauthorized, the person responsible for that firearm will receive criminal penalties. As a matter of a fact, there have been cases reported about

Essay about Knowing God Mysticism in Christianity and...

Knowing God: Mysticism in Christianity and Other Religions Mysticism, mystic experiences, and encounters with the divine are important—and even integral—to many religions throughout the world. Mysticism, defined as experiencing the divine, should have a special importance in Christianity. Christianity posits a God who is transcendent, yet immanent, and as Christians we believe we can have a relationship with the Deity. Because of this we should have a unique conception of mystical experiences as significant to our spiritual lives. I will begin by giving an overview of mysticism in other religious traditions—Buddhism, Hinduism, Shinto, Islam, and Judaism—and then concentrate on the role that mysticism and experience should have in†¦show more content†¦One cannot achieve unity with divine, nor have an experience of the divine that is in anyway unusual, simply because the individual and the deity are one and the same; all experiences in life are experiences with the divine because there is no distinction between divine and non-divine. It is because of this that the divine is transcendent, subsuming all things into its being. Islam Orthodox Islam emphasizes the absolute transcendence of God, but there is a sect of Islam called Sufism, which has placed a major emphasis on mystical experiences. To quote John Esposito: The Sufi path is a way of purification, a discipline of mind and body whose goal is to directly experience the ultimate reality. Sufis seek to experience God directly, utilizing poverty, fasting, silence, celibacy, recitation of the Most Beautiful names of Allah, music, dance, and veneration of the saints. Sufism is a combination of worldly renunciation and meditation with undying devotional love of God. Geoffrey Parrinder says that the chief characteristic of Sufism is the loss of will to find the eternal self in God. The word used for this is fana, the obliteration of the soul in God, which has three stages—obliteration ofShow MoreRelatedChristian Mysticism Essay1219 Words   |  5 PagesMysticism is a word we find in many books that relate to religious experiences. Mysticism is interpreted as searching for spiritual truth and wisdom through the unification with the Divine. Many Christians today believe that the words associated with mysticism like meditation and mystic are not coherently related with Christianity, but more with many Eastern religions. Eastern religions are definitely known for their mysticism, but it is believed to not be a part of Christianity. Mysticism is actuallyRead MoreThe Nature of Islam 1006 Words   |  4 PagesThe Nature of Islam Although Islam is the second largest religion in the world with over 1.6 billion devotees, making up about twenty-three percent of the world’s population, for the hoi polloi, the image of Islam remains unclear. In contrast to contrary popular belief, research shows that Islamic practice is simplicity itself. Muslims live a normal life on a day to day basis. Its’ practice does not require mediation of ministers, priests or gurus, instead it incorporates five rules to live byRead MoreThe Search For Truth Through God1354 Words   |  6 PagesNovember 8, 2014 â€Å"Love Loves Difficult Things† The search for truth through God is where the philosophy of attaining knowledge intersects with religious doctrine. Although the esoteric and mystical system of Sufism has its origin in Islamic orthodoxy, Sufism can be seen as less as an individual sect and more of a stepping-stone towards Christian revelation. In the Sufi allegory The Conference of the Birds by Farid Ud-Din Attar, God is represented as a mystical essence within and beyond all of creationRead MoreThe existence of God Based on Religious Experience Essay2414 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿1. Examine the strengths and weaknesses of the argument for the existence of God based on religious experience. (18) 2. ‘The argument merely indicates the probability of God and this is of little value to a religious believer.’ Discuss. (12) In contrast to the classical arguments for the existence of God, namely the ontological, cosmological and teleological arguments, the argument from religious experience doesn’t just entail a set logical of points arriving at a conclusion on a piece of paperRead More Trading Salvation for Personal Gratification in Anna Karenina1287 Words   |  6 Pages The epigraph of Anna Karenina: Vengeance is mine; I will repay, saith the Lord, implies that judgment is a theological entitlement   (Romans, 12:19).   Tolstoy uses both social and moral issues to illustrate his characters attitudes towards religion.   For Oblonsky, Vronsky, and Karenin, religious values are secondary.   Their lives are devoted to establishing a social position and monetary gain.   Levin finds salvation and happiness because they learn to live for something beyond themselves andRead MoreEssay Camparing Christian Mysticism and Buddhism3257 Words   |  14 Pagesdoes one begin to describe the indescribable? The very act of discussing ineffability questions whether anything can be truly ineffable in the first place. Religion almost always critically depends on the ineffability of some experience or entity. This is a widespread tendency, but some would argue that it is a rule for all religions. That there must be the recognition of something â€Å"beyond,† â€Å"transcendent† or â€Å"pure.† Prior to judging Christian or Buddhist beliefs, it is necessary to understandRead MoreEssay on The Sufi Philosophy in Islamic Faith1274 Words   |  6 Pagesbeliefs from that of the other Islamic sects that we know of today. One thing I personally found interesting is how this particular sect of Islam isn’t as popularly spoken of like the Sunni and Shia sects of Islam. Some of the most interesting and distinctive differences in this division of Islam is are wool clothing that the Sufi’s wear along with the most popular practice they are known for, the Whirling Dervishes. Yet these faith has many similarities with many other religions and sects of Islam.Read MoreA Comparative Analysis of the Various Contemporary Theologies Presented by Paul Enns and Millard J. Erickson3614 Words   |  15 Pagesstudy of God†. According to the online Wikipedia, Paul P. Enns is an evangelical Christian pastor, biblical scholar and writer who serves as a full-time minister at Idlewild Baptist Church in Lutz, Florida, and as adjunct professor at Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary. He is notable as one of the translators of the updated New American Standard Bible and as the author of The Moody Handbook of Theology. Enns defines theology as â€Å"coming from the Greek words theos, meaning â€Å"God†, and logosRead MoreThe Romantic Era1008 Words   |  5 Pagesissues and spiritual filter into his own works. Blake trusted in the correspondence between the physical world and spiritual world, be was able to do that by using poetic metaphors and express his beliefs. Blake was able to integrate the bible and other Christian traditions into his mythology. Romanticism â€Å"is a phenomenon characterized by reliance on the imagination and subjectivity of approach, freedom of thought and expression, an idealization of nature†. It has been said that Romantics wrote withRead More The Colossian Heresy Essay example2864 Words   |  12 Pagesstood Colossae. Before the Christian era, Colossae was a principle city in the Lycus Valley . Part of a major trade route in Asia minor from Ephesus to Miletus, the city was most known for its production of textiles, especially its purple wool . With other large cities such as Laodicea and Hierapolis, this was a well-populated and high business area in the Lycus Valley. Yet, with changes in the road system, Laodicea became a more important trade city than Colossae. And though once a city of great prominence

ICT History Free Essays

There has been a general concern in the public about how ICT in the early years was like in terms of the facilitators that were being used by the people so that they could pass information as well as communicate with one another. The effects of these modes of communication such as delayed information and also possibilities in alteration of the message have all been central focus by the public so as to make a remarkable development in the areas where these modes of communication failed. People are geared to developing new technology that will fully replace the information and communicating technology that was used in the early days. We will write a custom essay sample on ICT History or any similar topic only for you Order Now The modern technology will see the production of very fast, effective, as well as reliable tools of communication such as telex, telephones, telegram as well as the internet. This are of is important to research on since the knowledge of information and communication is the backbone of technology. Human being are able to continue with life because they communicate to one another so that they can help reach solutions to problems. Business industry which is the chief sustainers of the economy of each country is only able to succeed through ensured constant flow of information. Delayed information in the early years led to so many effects on the people. For example, people could die on their way to medicine men just because of lack of good communication means that could be fast enough to reach these healers who some times could treat a person in his/her home area. The study is timely especially in the advent of stiff growth of information communication technology. The investigation into existence of information and communication technology in early years will provide crucial information and data to decision and policy makers who will in turn use the results to come up with new policies which will trigger the invention of new and fast as well as effective ways of communicating. 1. 3Limitations of the study. The study will be limited in that it shall draw a lot from existing data much of which may not be reliable. It also expected that lack of previous research in the field might also pose challenges to the researcher. In addition, there may be false information from some people who do not have any idea on the modes of communication that were used during the early years. This may lead to unreliable results and hence reluctance in settling for inventions and innovations of more advanced technology. Literature review. During the early days ICT was also used in various ways by the people. Agriculture was the first technology to be adopted by man followed by writing (Pemberton Shurville 2000p. 56-67). Fire was very much used as a means of communication whereby it was so slow in passing the information to the targeted individuals or groups. Use of smoke, wild creatures like birds and also whistling were among the most used means of passing information. In addition, communication was very much essential among the people and it was affected by songs, dances as well as poetry where information was conveyed through how these activities were performed (Rahtz , 1987p. 1-20)). Drums were also used in passing information and they also facilitated the performance of dances. According to Watts, and Lloyd, (2004p. 103), all humans were hunters and gatherers. This provoked the existence of so many massagers who made the passage of information from one person to another quite easy since most of the people were mobile. People during these days relied so much on local technology like manufacturing of tools as well as weapons, cutting and digging tools such as axes and hoes since they relied heavily on agriculture. These tools were made from iron, bronze or copper metals since they were thought to be resistance to rusting. According to Chambers and Davies (2001p. 12-16)), ship technology was on rise and people used simple constructed ships to cross the oceans and communicate with people of different boundaries and countries. This required one to have knowledge about the currents in the ocean, star maps as well as weather patterns. The growth of early information and communication technology was facilitated by the remarkable revolution of agriculture, which enabled people to begin permanent settlements and stop migrations. Most people also stopped the hunting and gathering activities and settled for agriculture and this saw consolidated efforts in working to improve the Information and communication sector. These early modes of communication were very much unreliable since they were slow. For example, use of people as agents of passing information was very unreliable method because alterations of the content of the message was possible. The messages were also liable to failure to reach their destination or face a lot of mis-reporting. Early information and communication technology was generally poorly developed but as people continued evolving, information and communication technology as well began to expand since people began to do some inventions on this sector. People invest heavily on this area since they saw its importance and the impacts it had to their lives. Early information and communication technology had also many advantages to the people. Through ICT in the early days, people were able to convey important messages that helped them to understand one another other and also helped them to establish good relationships (Riley,1995p. 8-104). It is also through information and communication technology that people were able to learn for example through writing on stones which later developed to more satisfactory learning ways like writing on books. Writing materials also evolved in the same line, from metallic instruments that were used for writing on stones to pencils and biros that are even used in modern s ociety for writing on books. Information and communication in early days have been compared to today’s Information and communication technology and quite remarkable differences have been marked. The modern ICT is actually very appreciated for its satisfaction of people’s needs since it’s the modes of passing the information are very fast. No delays of message failures that may lead to adverse effects of the people. Methodology: The study will interview several individuals whose conducts and addresses will be obtained from the ICT office. A total of 50 randomly selected people will be interviewed. What makes this study unique is that the people who shall answer the survey will be drawn from various states using a randomized sampling approach. The researcher will utilize the survey method in which questionnaires and interviews will be used as data collection instruments. Analysis. Significance tests will be performed on all relationships and only those with statistical significance will be presented here. Qualitative data analysis will be involved and the data gathered in the data collection will be analyzed using statistical software called SPSS in order to arrive at findings. Conclusion. It is very important for people to know where to base their activities or innovations. It is only through this that people are able to know where to begin and what to aim at achieving. This research study will be successful only if the modes of communication that were used in the early days as well as their effects that they had to the people are known. It is through this knowledge that innovations and production of new modes of communication that are fast and effective enough, with more advantageous factors to the people will be invented. These modes are even thought to be more powerful than the telephones, telegrams, computers as well as the Internet. This will really be a tremendous improvement and technology advancement. How to cite ICT History, Papers

Investigations on Combustion and Emission †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Investigations on Combustion and Emission. Answer: Introduction Biodiesel is an alternative to fuel which can be considered similar to the conventional or fossil diesel. It is produced directly from vegetable oil, animal fats, tallow and the waste of cooking oil. The method by which these products are used for transforming into the form of biodiesel is known as transesterification. The major sources of oil are the rapeseed, palm and soybean. Most of the biodiesel produced in UK comes from the rapeseed. But the contemporary production of biodiesel is sourced from the wasted vegetable oils of restaurants, chip shops, industrial food producers and so on (Gui, Lee and Bhatia 2008). As the raw oil is very costly therefore the oil directly from the agricultural industry is not produced for the commercial purpose even though it can be considered as the greatest possible source. The final cost of the oil after the addition of transforming it to biodiesel is a lot as compared to fossil fuel Although waste vegetable oil can be available for free or at a ve ry cheap rate but it needs to purified before converting to biodiesel. The fact is that the biodiesel that is produced from the waste of vegetable oil has the ability to compete with fossil diesel. This assignment will look into the benefits of biodiesel and the different factors that play an important role in its production. Biodiesel is an environmental friendly product which has many beneficial properties. One of the important benefits of biodiesel is that it can be considered carbon neutral. The specific term refers to the fact there is no net output of carbon from this fuel in the form of carbon dioxide. The reason behind this effect is that same amount of carbon dioxide is absorbed as well as released in the process of growing of the crop and the combustion of the fuel (Balat 2011). Moreover, the carbon dioxide is released in the production of the fertilizer which is necessary to fertilize the agricultural field in which the oil crops are cultivated. Biodiesel is a biodegradable product which is totally non- toxic that is, spillage of the fuel pose a minimum amount of risk as compared to the spilling of fossil diesel. It also has a higher flashpoint as compared to fossil diesel and therefore safe and secured in the course of crash (Atabani et al. 2013). In the production of biodiesel, the process of transesterification is used which is also known as alcoholysis. It involves the displacement of alcohol from an ester by another alcohol in a process which is similar to the method of hydrolysis with a slight difference of using water in the other. Non- edible plant oils are also used for crude oil production of biodiesel. When the use of non- edible oils are compared to edible oils, it is found to be significant as well as costly but there is availability at large. The production of biodiesel from the non- edible oilseed crops includes jatropha, karanja, tobacco and so on (Churchill and Srinivasan 2017). The production of biodiesel from the waste cooking oil into the partial alternative of petroleum diesel is a probable option for solving the issues of energy crisis as well as environmental pollution. The edible vegetable oil fuels were not taken into consideration because of their cost which was higher compared to petroleum fuels. The reaction between oil or fat and alcohol is a process of reversible reaction therefore it must be added in surplus for driving the reaction in the appropriate direction to enable complete conversion (Collet et al. 2014). With the success of the transesterification process, the separation of the ester and glycerol layers are signified after the time of reaction. The production of biodiesel is a complex process which involves the mixing of alcohol and catalyst followed by the separation and removal of alcohol. Then the process of glycerin neutralization takes place followed by methyl ester wash. It must be assured that the finished biodiesel is analyzed by means of sophisticated analytical equipment so that the necessary specifications are met with (Issariyakul and Dalai 2014). To list the most crucial factors in the production of biodiesel are- complete reaction, removal of glycerin, catalyst and alcohol and absence of free fatty acids. Impact of biodiesel Due to the instability in the political condition of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries or OPEC the price of fossil fuels ate soaring high. Again the countries with comparatively lesser production of fuel or without fossil fuel production would be profitable from the utilization of the previous land resources used for the cultivation of bio- fuel crops. This is the reason behind the increase in production of bio- fuel each year and there is an assumption that in the upcoming days, biodiesel is going to be the main bio- fuel all over the world. The graph of biodiesel production has not fallen down since 1991 (Lee et al. 2014). While studying the impact of biodiesel in the world, it was found out that the space available in the UK for producing the biodiesel crops is not enough according to the target set for meeting the renewable energy production in UK. Also, the demand for water is much more in the bio- fuel crops as compared to the traditional crops. The second gener ation bio- fuels also pose certain benefits such as improving the soil quality, carbon requisition in soil and soil erosion (Murugesan et al. 2009). It was also found out that as the bio- fuel industry has expanded, the price of foods has increased and there is shortage of land available for the cultivation of food- based crops in most of the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America (Rawat et al. 2013). It is a non- toxic fuel which degrades at a speed four- times faster than diesel whereas pure bio diesel degrades around 85%- 88% in water. One of the most important advantages of using biodiesel is that when it I mixed with diesel fuel, the efficiency of engine is increased. The storage becomes safe due to the higher flashpoint in bio diesel. Being an oxygenated fuel, it is implied that the oxygen content plays an important role in making the fatty compounds fit for diesel fuel by burning the cleaner. Ames mutageniety tests have found out that it is responsible for reducing the risk of cancer by 90%, thus providing a domestic and renewable supply of energy (Murugesan et al. 2009). The list of benefits of biodiesel also includes the non- production of greenhouse effects as the amount of carbon dioxide released in the production process equals the amount of carbon dioxide used in the plants. It can also be used directly in the compression of ignition engines without any kind of consid erable adjustment in the engine. It does not contain sulphur and the features are relatable to the future policies of Europe which will put restriction on the use of sulphur (Singhasuwan et al. 2015). The chemical characteristics of bio diesel showed that there are lower levels of poisonous and reactive hydrocarbon species when the bio diesel fuels were used. Along with all these advantages, the bio diesel is not free of disadvantages which are listed below. There are only few disadvantages of biodiesel as compared to its advantages. The use of bio diesel has resulted in a bit of decrease in the fuel economy on the energy basics. As its density is more than diesel fuel in the cold weather therefore there might be a need to use the blends in the sub- freezing conditions. With the decrease in production of vegetable oil it has become more expensive (Talebian-Kiakalaieh, Amin and Mazaheri 2013). Bio diesel market development The market of bio diesel is one of the fastest growing in the chemical industry. The production of bio diesel is the highest in the European Union where the rate is higher than ethanol but the production of both these fuels are comparatively smaller than that of Brazil and the United States. There are two factors that have made EU the leader in the production of bio diesel. One factor being the amendment in the Common Agricultural Policy which is a supranational and locally oriented policy of the farm for the member of European Union countries. the other factor being the high tax of the fuel which have led to the indirect subsidy of the production of bio fuel either through full or partial exclusion from the fuel excise tax. In the EU member countries tax generally comprise 50% or more than the selling price of diesel (Unosson et al. 2014). EU is the global leader in the production and consumption of bio diesel with a figure of 4.98 million tones with an increase of 1.8 million in one year. Bio diesel was accountable for around 80% of the bio fuel production in the EU countries. The EU still continues to be the leader in the market of bio diesel production and will continue to do so, followed by US and Brazil. Other countries in the run for bio diesel production include Netherlands, China, India, Thailand and New Zealand. In todays world biodiesel has to overcome a lot of challenges for becoming the mainstream energy source. The challenges might be the cost of feedstock, availability of feedstock, quality of fuel or the changing norms of International Compatibility of Bio diesel Testing Standards. Such issues are not to be solved in a short span of time which reflects that the road to achieve biodiesel as the main source of energy is not going to be smooth. It might take a minimum of 5- 10 years for the change to take place. Bio fuels do not only face technical challenges but also come across social, economic and environmental challenges ((Rawat et al. 2013). A combination of the price hike, shortage of supply and issues related to global climate change are urging the development of alternative ways apart from the burning of fossil fuels so that the transportation energy requirements could be met. The best option in this regard can be considered as the use of liquid fuels that is derived from the cellulosic biomass. These new bio fuels have the ability of clean burning, carbon- neutral and also renewable. The main focus is on the technological challenges to produce superior quality of bio fuels in such a way that can win over sustainability and have economically competitive advantage over gasoline. The other challenges include the restraint that is posed by market and economics, limitations of resources, risks related to health, climate forcing, demand of water and land use. To cope up with these challenges there is a requirement of efficient life- cycle perspective. There is a need to understand the farmers, feedstock options and predict bio fuel production technologies and practices for evaluating the transitions and confront with uncertainty (Singhasuwan et al. 2015). Conclusion Therefore it can be concluded from this assignment that biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can be used in place of the diesel fuel manufactured from petroleum. The major sources of biodiesel include rapeseed oil, sunflower oil and palm oil. The process of bio diesel production is a complex one involving a number of stages. They are used in regular diesel engines without any kind of changes in the engine. It can be stored as well as transported with the use of diesel fuel tanks and other equipments. This renewable and clean burning diesel replacement has decreased the dependence on foreign petroleum to a great deal. The components of production include a diverse mix of feed stocks which include recycled cooking oil, soya oil and animal fats. Bio diesel is the first and only EPA- designated advanced bio fuel in the commercial sector of the production process across the country and also the pioneer in reaching the production level of one billion gallon. Thus, it can be recommended that it can be used in the diesel engines without any change and abiding by the stern technical fuel quality and the specifications of engine performance. Reference Atabani, A.E., Silitonga, A.S., Ong, H.C., Mahlia, T.M.I., Masjuki, H.H., Badruddin, I.A. and Fayaz, H., 2013. Non-edible vegetable oils: a critical evaluation of oil extraction, fatty acid compositions, biodiesel production, characteristics, engine performance and emissions production.Renewable and sustainable energy reviews,18, pp.211-245. Avinash, A., Subramaniam, D. and Murugesan, A., 2014. Bio-dieselA global scenario.Renewable and sustainable energy reviews,29, pp.517-527. Balat, M. and Balat, H., 2008. A critical review of bio-diesel as a vehicular fuel.Energy conversion and management,49(10), pp.2727-2741. Balat, M., 2011. Potential alternatives to edible oils for biodiesel productionA review of current work.Energy Conversion and Management,52(2), pp.1479-1492. Churchill, G.V. and Srinivasan, C.A., 2017. Experimental Investigations on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Biodiesel Blends in CI Engine. Collet, P., Lardon, L., Hlias, A., Bricout, S., Lombaert-Valot, I., Perrier, B., Lpine, O., Steyer, J.P. and Bernard, O., 2014. Biodiesel from microalgaeLife cycle assessment and recommendations for potential improvements.Renewable Energy,71, pp.525-533. Gui, M.M., Lee, K.T. and Bhatia, S., 2008. Feasibility of edible oil vs. non-edible oil vs. waste edible oil as biodiesel feedstock.Energy,33(11), pp.1646-1653. Issariyakul, T. and Dalai, A.K., 2014. Biodiesel from vegetable oils.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,31, pp.446-471. Lee, A.F., Bennett, J.A., Manayil, J.C. and Wilson, K., 2014. Heterogeneous catalysis for sustainable biodiesel production via esterification and transesterification.Chemical Society Reviews,43(22), pp.7887-7916. Murugesan, A., Umarani, C., Chinnusamy, T.R., Krishnan, M., Subramanian, R. and Neduzchezhain, N., 2009. Production and analysis of bio-diesel from non-edible oilsa review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,13(4), pp.825-834. Murugesan, A., Umarani, C., Subramanian, R. and Nedunchezhian, N., 2009. Bio-diesel as an alternative fuel for diesel enginesa review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,13(3), pp.653-662. Rawat, I., Kumar, R.R., Mutanda, T. and Bux, F., 2013. Biodiesel from microalgae: a critical evaluation from laboratory to large scale production.Applied energy,103, pp.444-467. Singhasuwan, S., Choorit, W., Sirisansaneeyakul, S., Kokkaew, N. and Chisti, Y., 2015. Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio affects the biomass composition and the fatty acid profile of heterotrophically grown Chlorella sp. TISTR 8990 for biodiesel production.Journal of biotechnology,216, pp.169-177. Talebian-Kiakalaieh, A., Amin, N.A.S. and Mazaheri, H., 2013. A review on novel processes of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil.Applied Energy,104, pp.683-710. Unosson, J., Blomberg, A., Sandstrom, T., Kabele, M., Mills, N.L., Newby, D.E., Boman, C., Langrish, J.P. and Bosson, J.A., 2014. Biodiesel Exhaust Exposure Causes Vascular Dysfunction In Healthy Subjects. InA49. AIR POLLUTION: CARDIOVASCULAR AND PULMONARY EFFECTS(pp. A1671-A1671). American Thoracic Society.

America West Airlines Essays - Airline Tickets, OpenTravel Alliance

America West Airlines America West Airlines has influenced their customers' buyer behavior with a not so pleasant track record. The airline industry is a service that satisfies customer needs for traveling. Whether for business or leisure the airline industry is an increasingly growing business. If companies are not able to compete with their rivals in an already overly competitive market, then they will not benefit financially. The market segments that we will be discussing are the business traveler and the vacation traveler. The benefits between the markets are similar between the two segments. I will discuss some recommendations that could benefit the company. Most importantly, delivering the view of the consumer and what a consumer should expect from an airline. Determining a result depends on these components. This paper will discuss some of these problems and resolutions. The airline industry started out as a luxury item. Business travel has changed this industry to a necessity. As we become a global economy and communication between international companies is a key tool, travel has increased dramatically. The vacation traveler has always had the need for the airline industry. Satisfying the customer needs today involves competitive rates along with convenience of booking flights and benefits with those flights. America West Airlines has not able to provide a quality service lately. The business travelers need competitive rates for travel. The marketing mix for business people consists of the actual flights, pricing, where and how it is promoted, and finally its distribution. America West has low-fares marketed to meet the business and travelers' needs. This full-service airline is a coast-to-coast route system and includes most major destinations across the US, with additional destinations in Mexico and Canada. America West utilizes its Phoenix and Las Vegas connections as gateways for travel throughout its destinations. America West has a code-sharing agreement with Continental, which was the first extensive alliance of its kind between two carriers. The company also has a code-sharing agreement with Mesa Airlines and Air Midwest. Some of the marketing strategy involves sponsorship with sports teams. Between these different affiliations, America West uses this in part for distribution and marketing. Some of the problems with this industry are personally experienced. The airline has a difficult time being punctual. This is lately a norm in the industry, although, it is avoided by other companies. The airline industry historically fluctuates in response to general economic conditions that are present. The airline industry is sensitive to changes in economic conditions that affect business and leisure travel. The industry is highly susceptible to situations that result in declines in air travel, such as political instability, regional hostilities, recession, fuel price escalation, inflation, adverse weather conditions, consumer preferences, labor instability or regulatory oversight. The Company's results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of those for the entire year, because the travel business is subject to seasonal fluctuations. Due to the greater demand for business and leisure travel during the summer months, revenues in the airline industry for b usiness and leisure travel in the second and third quarters is typically greater than revenues in the first and fourth quarters of the year. This has an overall impact on the industry. The next phase is making recommendations for the company. The recommendation is to gain the customer's confidence back by informing them of the changes made with their timeliness. The general experience with the company has been rescheduled departures and delays, which attributes to their failure. They have also had some maintenance issues they need to be addressed. Customers for the business travel market segment need to have reliability, punctual flights, ease of booking flights, and frequent flyer miles for needs of traveling. The needs of the market segment for leisure travel consists of all of the business segment and the company could do promos for flying to certain destinations that the airlines receives great deals on. If the company can provide the benefits and satisfactions associated with good business practice, the consumers resolve their traveling requirements with America West Airlines. The company could use a marketing strategy that would involve informing the customer how they gave the company a facelift. The company could address the fact that they have had punctual issues and resolved the

Banking Risk Management

Banking Risk Management Credit Risk Models The Black-Scholes-Merton Model There are various credit risk models, which have been proposed by researchers in order to reduce the risks associated with future transactions. One of these models is the BSM framework structured models. This model was proposed by Merton in 1974. He derived the value of an option from a company, which could default loan repayment (Merton, 1974).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Banking Risk Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Black-Scholes-Merton model assumes that there is a latent firm asset value, which is determined by the company’s future cash flows. This model is used to determine the firm’s debt and equity value. This model includes components, such as risk free interest rates, asset payment ratio, and asset risk premium. Merton (1974) argues that the asset return rate and the risk free interest rates are the constants which are non-sto chastic. The model also assumes that the company’s capital structure relates to a pure equity and a single zero coupon debt, which matures within a given time. Incase of a default experienced by a company, the stock price of the defaulting firm is expected to go to zero. According to this model, the debtor is assumed to be a seller in the European put option. On the other hand, the equity holder is assumed to be a buyer of European call option (Merton, 1974). The model uses the Black –Scholes option pricing in order to determine the relationship between the equity market value and the bond market value. Shibita and Yamada (2009) proposed the BSM structural model to a bank, which was just this side of bankruptcy. This helped the bank in its recovery processes. According to Shibata and Yamada (2009), the banks choice to continue operating or be liquidated plays a vital role on the losses of the loan. They assumed that this decision should be made severally at a certain t ime after the bankruptcy. Individual-level reduced-form models This refers to the models which are not of the class of structural models. At the individual level, a reduced form model can also be described as the credit scoring one. This model was developed by Altman (1968). The credit scoring model uses linear and binomial models to regress the defaults among companies.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It identifies various accounting components, which have statistical explanatory capability, in order to differentiate between the defaulting and non defaulting firms. After estimating the coefficients of the model, the loan applicants are given a Z-score in order to classify them as good or bad. Several decades after its proposal, the credit scoring model got a significant development. Altaman and Saunders (1998) discussed the wide spread of the individual level mode l and its major developments over the years. Altman and Narayanan (1997) evaluated the historical accounting variables used in the credit scoring models across the world. According to them, most of the studies proposed the use of financial ratios, which determine profitability, and liquidity. These financial ratios may include market value equity/debt, (EBIT)/sales as well as working capital/debt. Altman (2005) proposed a scoring system known as Emerging Market Score Model to use to define the emerging corporate bonds. Portfolio reduced form models These models were proposed by Jarrow and Turnbull (1992). According to them, the idea of these models is related to the concept of risk neutral. Risk neutral is a common technique used to predict the probability of the future cash flow. It helps in computing the asset prices by using risk neutral default probabilities. Jarrow and Turnbull (1992) used the idea of risk neutral to develop the credit risk premium which is also known as the cr edit spread. They decomposed the credit risk premium into two components. Poisson /Cox process model This is a subclass of the portfolio reduced form models. It was developed by Jarrow and Turnbull (1995), and it can be described as the simplest model of the portfolio reduced form model. In this approach, the default process is assumed to be a Poisson process with a constant intensity where the default time is exponentially distributed. Markov chain model This is a credit risk model, which was originally proposed by Jarrow et al. (1997). This model considers the default event as the absorbing state and the default period as the first period when the Markov chain hits the absorbing state.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Banking Risk Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Factor model This is a credit risk model, which puts into consideration two vectors of explanation variables. The first vector is a set of macr o economic variables, such as interest rate, inflation rate, money supply growth as well as GDP growth. This vector explains the systematic risk, which causes default events. The second vector involves a set of firm-specific variables, which determine individual risk. According to Pederzoli and Torricelli (2005), the variables are considered simultaneously. Conclusion The credit risk models have various shortcomings. For instance, the BSM framework structural model consists of several simplified assumption in its derivation. The simplified assumptions restrict the applied value of the model. This has made the subsequent researchers focus on reducing these assumptions. The individual level reduced form models may not pick up fast moving developments in borrowers conditions. This is because the model uses explanatory variables, which are based on accounting data. According to Agarwal and Taffler’s (2008), credit scoring models, such as Altman’s Z-score, may not be used t o forecast distress as compared to the structural models. References Altman, E 2005, An emerging market credit scoring system for corporate bonds,  Journal of Emerging Markets Review, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 311-323. Altman, E, Saunders, A 1998, Credit risk measurement: Developments over the last 20 years, Journal of Banking and Finance, vol. 21, pp. 1721-1742. Gordy, MB, 2000, A comparative anatomy of credit risk models, Journal of Banking  and Finance, pp.119-149.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Jarrow, R, Turnbull, S 1997 A Markov model for the term structure of credit risk spreads, Review of Financial Studies, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 481–523. Merton, C 1974. On the pricing of corporate debt: The risk structure of interest rates.  The Journal of Finance, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 449–470. Saunders, A Allen, L 2002, Credit risk measurement: New Approaches to Value at  Risk and Other Paradigms. John Wiley Sons, New York.

The Structured Interview Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Structured Interview Method - Essay Example The interviewee was a Speech Pathologist at an Elementary School in Northwest suburbs of Chicago.  Ã‚  Ã‚  She indicated that she has been teaching at this school for six years and she has seven years experience as a teacher. She currently teaches 45 students of which are 30 males while 15 are females. The interviewee has also worked for a rehab company in skilled nursing facilities. In this interview, I sought to gain insight about the approach she uses when he teaches a class of learners with special needs. She indicated that parent(s), resource teacher, OT, PT, principal, nurse, school psychologist or general education teacher attend IEP meetings if applicable. The meetings usually vary from 30 minutes to 60 minutes depending on the needs of the student. The interviewee also stated that consultative minutes are completed weekly. However meetings to discuss students on the caseload or those who may need services due to concerns are held twice a month. The teacher indicated that m eetings with the teacher to discuss goals, vocabulary needing to be addressed with the speech therapy setting as well as any other concerns that the teacher may have are usually done at least once a week. The site also uses student study team meetings and it also implements RTI process. The success of this initiative is attributed to the use of cooperative/collaborative teams as well as co-teaching One great lesson I learnt from this interview is that continued teacher education is essential with regards to dealing with special needs learners. The needs of these learners constantly change depending on the environment in which they are living in hence the teachers need to improve their knowledge constantly in order to be in a position to meet the changing needs of the learners. Teachers can gain more knowledge through group discussions since these allow them to interact freely. Teamwork as well as inclusion of all teachers concerned in teaching special education classes are basic ten ets of success with regards to the achievement of the desired goals in improving the quality of education for learners with special needs. The interviewee indicated that SPED students are graded using the same method as regular education students. The goals are goals being addressed through their IEP are noted on progress updates completed at each report card. She also stated that flexible grouping and volunteer parent intervention are essential in order to establish the need of the students with special needs. The other strategy used in teaching students with special needs is to move them down to a grade lower level reading group if it is seen as appropriate to his or her level. However, the only shortcoming I have realised of all the strategies used is that they grade the students with special needs in the same way they grade general students. These two groups are quite different hence they may not use the same strategy to grade them. In conclusion, I can safely say that this inte rview achieved its objectives. As the interviewee aptly stated, there is no right way for everything. This is mainly because of the fact that we live in different areas and these are characterised by different things. For instance, the people in each area have their own way of doing things.

Youth Unemployment in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Youth Unemployment in UK - Essay Example According to the report, which defines youth as the age between 16 to 24 years, individuals claiming allowances for jobseekers rose from 5,300 to 1.6 million in October 2011. In general, the rate of youth unemployment has gone just past twenty percent, the highest ever recorded since 1992. Some economists have attributed these results to the reeling effects of the 2009 recession to the increase in the number of youths leaving school or university. That is the convectional belief. The government of UK blames the rise in unemployment on the deteriorating job market and the effects of the euro-zone debt crisis. Chris Graylin, employment minister, gave a statement blaming the euro-zone troubles for increasing unemployment rates. Graylin called for the government to help the youth through schemes such as the government initiated work experience and work program that have placed several people out of benefits into workplaces. Lord Oakeshott, a Liberal Democrat, dismisses the ministerâ€⠄¢s view blaming the government policy of cutting spending as reason behind the rise (Shimer, 2010:45). He says that the government has been cutting its spending budget too fast and too far, pushing the rate of borrowing and unemployment high. The recent employment scheme adopted by the government, the New Deal, has the objective of reducing the long-term unemployment rates among older workers and youths. The scheme includes employment training and employment subsidies for the participants. There is need to define unemployment in order to understand the issues of youth unemployment. According to International Labor Organization, unemployment is actively searching for economic employment/ work without success. Some economic critics claim that there are jobs for the youth; it is only that the youth are not willing to work hard and are unreliable. A recent feature in the Telegram by Alasdair Palmer concerning the recent report by ONS, the author of the feature gives an example of emplo yer from a fruit grower company complaining about the lack of English recruits in the region’s labor market (Palmer, 2011:21). The fruit grower has 300 workers in the farm, and only one is English. According to the fruit grower, the jobs are there but the English are not willing to drop the unemployment benefits they enjoy and some request to be paid cash. The author goes ahead and gives another industry where Briton youths are unemployed: bars and restaurants. According to the author, Britons youths are unreliable and rude to customers. An analyst would most likely advocate for abolition of minimum wage or temporary imposition of moratorium on it to create more employment opportunities. Nevertheless, this has not been any successful, at least in research. A research by Institute of Fiscal Studies indicates that the minimum wage system has no direct effect to the level of unemployment. The report raises concerns that withdrawal of the benefits upon taking a job and reduction of the minimum wage rate would result to inability of people to live on the offered amount sustainably (Boeri & Ours, 2008:44). According to Dr Jonathan Wadsworth from London School of Economics, the youth do not lack employment because they are work shy or because of the minimum wage. According to him, the employees are not willing to employ them. Older people already in work positions have accepted pay cuts and pay freeze in order to maintain their jobs. This means that most employees have managed to maintain their job position, resulting to the low rate of unemployment that resulted from the recession. Despite this, the result means that employers have not been absorbing new employees who are traditionally youth. Such policies are the causes of

Person Centred Therapy Strength And Weaknesses Psychology Essay

Person Centred Therapy Strength And Weaknesses Psychology Essay Person centred approach is a humanistic phenomenological approach founded by Carl Rodgers, an American humanistic psychologist who believed in a way an individual sees themselves and realising their full potential for their personal growth and personal development he called self actualisation. When there is no relationship between experience and the individual perception of self, a human being experiences anxiety and depression. This results in unpleasant feelings which make defence mechanisms to kick in and results in denial and distortion and blocks an individual self concept. The anxiety and depression will get in an individuals life in a neurotic way and lead to psychotic behaviours, (Gross, 2010).Rogers believed that the behaviour can be re-organised by use of person centred therapy. According to Graham (1986), person centred therapy also known as client centred therapy is a process whereby an individual takes control of their self in an attempt to become autonomous and increase in self confidence. It is an approach that is used for counselling patients with the emphasis of a relationship between the client and the counsellor with more responsibility on the client. The client takes control of the therapeutic sessions, determining when to terminate the treatment. In return, the therapist is expected to facilitate the client with appropriate condition for therapy which makes the client to fully interact and make a stable relationship with the client that is trustworthy, (Gross, 2010). This will make the client feel safe and able to open up during sessions. The therapist is expected to be non judgmental, empathetic and understanding. The approach emphasizes on creating conducive environment which is comfortable, warm and safe which enables the client to open up. The refore the approach is non judgmental and anti oppressive. For the therapy to be effective according to Rogers (1951), it is determined by therapists attitude which is expected to be congruence; authenticity, genuine and showing of the true feelings of emotions. Unconditional positive regard which is accepting the client who they are regardless of the clients past. Being empathetic which involves an understanding of the clients world at the same time showing genuine emotional feelings and listening attentively during the sessions. These characters will help the client to trust the therapist and have the courage to open up and start the process of healing. Thorne (1984) suggested tenderness as another attitude that the therapist need to possess. These attitudes are of extreme importance as explained by Fonagy and Higgitt (1984) that possessing these conditions will help the client to talk about their life honestly and help the client to overcome their odd behaviour. The counsellor will help the client to uncover and express the true feelings by adopting the non-directive role. During the sessions, the therapist is not allowed to alter clients way of thinking but only check with the client if they do not understand anything. They are expected to put themselves in the clients position and respect them at all the times. Any contribution from the client is valued and negative thinking is regarded as legitimate. The therapy will help the client to change their ways of thinking, setting them free and be positive. The therapy is mainly applied to people who suffer from schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, alcohol disorders, cognitive dysfunctions and personality disorders. Egan (1998) developed a systematic counselling model to help individuals solve their problems in order for them to develop opportunities. The Egan skilled helper works better when co-operated with person centred approach principles. Critically evaluate 550 Strength The effectiveness of the person centred approach is that, the counselling is a personal communication between the client and the therapist. It aids in helping the clients problems by increasing the clients sense of well being. This therapy makes the client to explore their true self by being honest and empowers them to be able to solve their own problems. It gives the client a chance to have self direction by allowing them to plan their own session and be in control of the therapy. Therapists give the clients upper hand and not take them as experts but rather a comforting hand to the client. It gives them an opportunity to show their caring nature, being non-judgmental and empathise with the client regardless of their abnormal behaviour or rigid patterns of thinking, (Gross, 2010). Maslow (1970) explained that self actualisation helps the client to fully concentrate on themselves and guide in decision making for growth and develop into an honest, selfless and independent person. In r eturn it makes the client to have autonomy and not depend on others all the time. It gives the client self growth, confidence and better understanding of oneself. Client behaviour is expected to change and the way they view life, giving more appreciation and better relationships. Self actualisation also makes the client to have self acceptance and being able to accept others. Another stronghold of the person centred approach is that it makes the therapist accept the client the way they are without judging them or pressuring them to change but rather showing empathy. In return it gives the client a platform to explore their true feelings and make them better people in a society. It also gives the client a chance to reflect on their previous behaviour and identify areas that they need to develop on. Weaknesses However, on the negative side the client is not challenged by anyone or able to engage in a contest in order to find or show their ability. It deprives the opportunity to give opinion or suggestions that might be useful. The therapist cannot question anything even if they are concerned and it is too plain and not complicated. The therapy does not offer a proper structure to the client even though the therapist subscribe to the ethical principles of their profession which gives them guidelines about their boundaries, (Mearns and Thorne, 2007) and this can be difficult for the client to progress and have answers. The approach has developed since the 60s and it does not have much research and modern theory on it. Also there are no techniques in this approach such as questioning or clarifying. Another drawback of this approach is that there is no intervention of which according to Adams at al (2009) intervention is an act to achieve effects and produce results. There is no involvement or interference from the therapist who might offer sound advice. McNeill et al (2005) identified elements of interventions that have an impact on behavioural change. Out of the elements, person centred therapy lacks the agreement intervention and interactive communication. In comparison with crisis intervention where help is offered when a service user is faced with a problem, (Adam et al, 2009), person centred therapists are not allowed to offer help. Crisis intervention allows the practitioner to help an individual out of stress and change their behaviour by assessing the situation and making a plan to give support as well as advocating. Adams et al (2009) stated that crisis intervention makes an individual in crisis stronger and able to deal with threats and help them with personal growth. Like In person centred therapy, I like the fact that the client is given all the attention and focus and the relationship that is formed between the client and the therapist is of utmost important. I like the fact that it makes the client feel comfortable and dont feel like they are being judged because of their condition. In case of a client who has strong past like a paedophile or a murderer, I suppose they relax more knowing their therapist is not judging them and it can make them to relax and express themselves. I think they are bound to make a full recovery quicker with client centred therapy where they are in total control of the situation. Dislike My negative view of the therapy is the fact that the client is not challenged even if they are heading for a downfall; the therapist cannot change their minds or intervene. Another downfall I find with the therapy is the lack of intervention and techniques. An example from work place Mr Johns (pseudonym for confidential reasons) is a 24 year old client in a residential home who has problems with substance misuse since the age of 13. He has a history of violence and thieving. He has been attending counselling sessions, a one to one approach to help him overcome his addiction. Mr Johns attended therapeutic sessions to help him identify where his problem started and what triggers him to take drugs. In his evaluation, he mentions that he was able to open up to his therapists because he knew he was not judged or discriminated but he was treated as an individual. He also mentions that the relationship and communication he had with the therapist made him comfortable and it helped him in his healing process. Discuss how you envisage By looking at Mr Jones story and the way the approach worked towards his healing, I would envisage using the therapy in my professional practice especially in cases that involve mental health, drug misuse and learning disabilities. I believe personalising care is a key to effective treatment and it makes the client feel valued. Even though the approach has its weaknesses, I would use it in my practice depending on what the client is experiencing at the time. Conclusion In conclusion, the person centred approach has existed for a long time and is simple to use, though it can be difficult to see if its working because the therapists rely on the persons behaviour. The non judgmental technique and the warm relationship between the client and the therapist help individuals to open up and be free. (Word count 1660)

History of Tourism Essay

Introduction Tourism is seen as one of the main industries in the world. â€Å"The World Travel and Tourism Council (2001) indicated that tourism creates more than ten percent of the global economic output and 1 in 10 jobs worldwide†. â€Å"Tourism starts with the wealthy, with images of prestigious visits to seaside resorts and spas, Grand Tours and the activities of business enterprisers such as Thomas Cook† (Towner, 1995). This paper describes the history and structure of the travel and tourism industry, the influence of local and national governments and international agencies, local and national economic policy, the effects of supply and demand on the travel and tourism industry and the positive and negative impacts of tourism. History Based on my perception, I would categorize the history of travel & tourism industry in three different time bands as follows: * Before 1945 * 1945-1979 * 1980 to current day Before 1945 In ancient times and approximately till the end of the 16th century people were living in agricultural communities was stationary, seldom moving from the local area and rural community. â€Å"Even with the beginning of the industrial revolution, which was making a slow start in the 18th century in urban and factory development, a richer ‘elite’ class alone enjoyed leisure and travel, while the workers worked in situ. Indeed as industrialization got under way leisure time or holidays where they existed tended to decrease† (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997) Prior to the 1950s, tourism was an industry which was inconsistent; hotels, transport operators, tour operators, travel agents, all tended to work separately. Hotels were mainly in the business to sell bed nights. Railways and airlines were in the business to sell seats, Travel agents, were selling travel and holidays however in each case they tended to work very much independently. Up until 1946, i.e. the period between the world wars, much of international travel  was for the privileged, wealthy and elite groups in society. â€Å"Thomas Cook introduced the first package tour in 1841, but in fact by that time the railways (The first passenger railway (Liverpool and Manchester) opened in 1830) themselves were offering excursion trips, for a traffic which they had not originally expected to carry. The first objective had been carriage of freight, and secondly the provision of faster transport for the current stagecoach travelers at far from cheap prices. The popularity of cheap excursion fares for special events was not expected† (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997) 1945-1979 If we look at the year 1945 as the year in which the development of the main growth in the tourism industry started, we can construct some general explanation concerning to the changes which one can differentiate in the tourism industry. From the mid-1950s onwards, mainly in the UK, the development of tour operators started changing the character of the industry from individual business activities to more integrated activities. â€Å"Hotels, for example, were beginning to see customers as wanting a range of services rather than simply buying accommodation. So hotels began to develop shopping arcades and later to offer secretarial centers in order to increase the spend of guests within the hotel complex. Transport operators, particularly in the airline business, saw the sale of transport services as being integral to a much wider need. Airlines offered insurance and accommodation booking for travelers† (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997) From 1950 onwards a combination of factors, such as increase in free time availability, increase in paid holidays, improvement of package tours, and growth in air transport – all combined to offer a wider possible holiday-taking market. This market was different regarding socioeconomic groups from the pre-1950 era. 1980 to current day By the 1980s several airlines were offering full travel services such as arrangements for holidays, medical services, hiring car, etc. By 1990 the formation of the tourism industry, especially in the United Kingdom and  Europe, was effected by the development of a number of very big companies. â€Å"In the USA, American anti-trust laws discouraged, if not prohibited, the development of large integrated companies†. The experience of American in operational tour has been very different from Europe, mainly compared with the United Kingdom (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997). Air travel improved even more rapidly. Nevertheless, this is only piece of the story, as nonscheduled traffic (charter services) increased considerably as well. â€Å"Making up an estimated 18 per cent of total movement by the 1980s and 50 per cent or more on European routes, where the charter traffic took over the greater part of the holiday movement, as tour operators developed their own services† (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997) Future The tourism business is likely to make important help to global economic development in the twenty first century. The cultural trade and understanding that is brought about through tourism is causing a more peaceful and internationalized universal society. Besides contributing to the expansion and renovation of local economies and communities, tourism development is playing an important role in both enhancing education and improving the position of the tourism business aimed at nurturing the next generation of those ready to take on the tourism business. The Structure of Travel & Tourism Industry This is the Leiper’s model: There are 5 key elements of a tourism system 1. Departing Travelers 2. Traveler Generating Region 3. Transit Route Region 4. Tourist Destination Region 5. Returning Travelers The first is the tourist (the human component), the next 3 components are geographical and organizational and relate to transport, tourist activities and the tourism industry which offers services, goods and facilities for tourists. The last is self explanatory. And the environment: Economic, Technological, Physical, Political, Socio-cultural, legal, etc. There are  some contemporary influences: 1. Changing actions and motivations of markets 2. Changing patterns of tourist flows 3. Require for planned tourism expansion 4. Force for sustainable tourism expansion 5. Concern for social, cultural and economic impacts of tourism The influence of local and national governments and international agencies The position of government is an essential and multipart side of travel and tourism industry, involving policies. State involvement in the trade is a fairly recent practice for central government. In general the state recognizes that the duties of the public sector must cover such matters as health, safety, fair trading and consumer interests and infrastructure in transport such as roads, railways and ports. These are all matters of direct concern to the resident population. There is a mixed record in the provision of leisure facilities, environmental protection and conservation which includes responsibility for the unique cultural heritage, an important part of Europe’s visitor attractions (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997). The state tourism agency, tourist board or government department will have an important role to play in advising on the strategy, offering opportunities to consult and cooperate with a dispersed private sector, and preparing a destination marketing strategy based on an identification of the appropriate markets and their needs and wishes (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997). Based on periodic surveys of the government role by the WTO, the OECD and individual countries, the principal functions of a Ministry of Tourism or of agencies under government control can be summarized as: 1. Research, statistics and planning. 2. Marketing. 3. Development of tourism resources. 4. Regulation, including trade regulation. 5. Training and education. 6. Facilitation/liberalization. Local governments At the local level the regional or local authority has a role similar to that of the central government and in many ways a more comprehensive and important one. Indeed, in the early days of mass travel stimulated by the growth of the railway network, public sector intervention in tourism was solely at the local level. There were no national tourism organizations. The growth of large resorts, pioneered in Britain at the main seaside canters, encouraged the development of local tourism administrations to carry out the responsibilities of the host destination (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997). International organizations There are a number of international bodies, both governmental and nongovernmental, with tourism interests. Government bodies reflect the national government’s interest in, and political will regarding, tourism intervention. In the industrialized countries, the tourism priority tends to be low. Because of the wide range of tourism activity the number of organizations with some concern or responsibility is great, but coordination and often cooperation as at the national level is weak. Furthermore, consultation with industry and operating sectors is often inadequate, as the sector’s voice is weak. The main sector industry bodies inevitably present the case of their own trade, sometimes as in modes of transport in a competitive situation. Thus the collective tourism approach is hard to organize and sustain, even when cooperation at the operating level is effective (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997). United Nations World Tourism Organization The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO/OMT) is a specialized agency of the United ?Nations and the leading international organization in the field of tourism. It serves as a ?global forum for tourism policy issues and a practical source of tourism know-how (UNWTO 2007:1).? The World Tourism Organization plays a role in promoting the development of responsible, ?sustainable and universally accessible tourism, paying particular attention to the ?interests of developing countries?. The Organization encourages the implementation ?of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, with a view to ensuring that member ?countries, tourist destinations and businesses  maximize the positive economic, ?social and cultural effects of tourism and fully reap its benefits, while minimizing its ?negative social and environmental impacts (www.wikipedia.org). The WTO has made efforts recently to strengthen its links with commercial and non-government partners through its system of affiliate membership which should help in the provision of practical guidance and as a basis for cooperative action (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997). Impact of political change on the travel and tourism industry Tourism growth in many countries has not been this high, in particular those countries were faced with a range of political unstableness that have made happen to hold back development in tourism. The political aspects of tourism are interwoven with its economic consequencestourism is not only a â€Å"continuation of politics† but an integral part of the world’s political economy. In short, tourism is, or can be, a tool used not only for economic but for political means† (Edgell, 1990). IRAN Tourism in Iran before the accession of the theocracy was characterized by a significant numbers of visitors traveling to Iran for its diverse attractions, boasting cultural splendors and a diverse and beautiful landscape suitable for a range of activities. Tourism declined dramatically during the Iran-Iraq War in the 1980s but has subsequently revived. Since the Iranian revolution in 1979, the majority of visitors to Iran have been religious pilgrims and businesspeople. Official figures do not distinguish between those traveling to Iran for business and those coming for pleasure, and they also include a large number of Diaspora Iranians returning to visit their families in Iran or making pilgrimages to holy Shia sites near Mashhad and elsewhere. Despite the international tensions, the government continues to project strong rises in visitor numbers and tourism revenue over the forecast period, and to talk of projects to build an additional 100 hotels, for example, to expand its currently limited stock. In the early 2000s the industry still faced serious limitations in infrastructure, communications, regulatory norms, and personnel training. In  late 2003 there were about 640 hotels in Iran and around 63,000 beds. Officials state that Iran has in recent years earned about US$1bn a year from tourism. Iran currently ranks 68th in tourism revenues worldwide. Iran with attractive natural and historical sites is rated among the 10 most touristic countries in the world. Close to 1.8% of national employment is generated in the tourism sector which is slated to increase to 10% in the next five years. Weak advertising, unstable regional conditions, a poor public image in some parts of the world, and absence of efficient planning schemes in the tourism sector have all hindered the growth of (www.wikipedia.org). CHINA After Mao’s death, one of the most senior officials who had advocated private plots in the early 1960s, Deng Xiaoping, initiated gradual market reforms that abolished the communes and collectivized industries of Mao, replacing them with the free-market system. Deng’s reforms vastly improved the standard of living of the Chinese people, the competitiveness of the Chinese economy, and caused China to become one of the fastest growing and most important economies in the world. It also led to one of the most rapid industrializations in world history. For this achievement he is sometimes known as â€Å"The Venerated Deng†. As a result of Deng’s reforms, China is widely regarded as a returning superpower. Tourism in China has greatly expanded over the last few decades. The emergence of a newly rich middle class and an easing of restrictions on movement by the Chinese authorities are both fueling this travel boom. China has become one of the world’s most-w atched and hottest outbound tourist markets. The world is on the cusp of a sustained Chinese outbound tourism boom. China is the world’s fourth largest country for inbound tourism. The number of overseas tourists was 55 million in 2007. Foreign exchange income was 41.9 billion U.S. dollars, the world’s fifth largest in 2007. The number of domestic tourists totaled 1.61 billion, with a total income of 777.1 billion yuan. According to the WTO, in 2020, China will become the largest tourist country and the fourth largest for overseas travel. In terms of total outbound travel spending, China is currently ranked fifth and is expected to be the fastest growing in the world from 2006 to 2015, jumping into the number two slot for total travel  spending by 2015 (www.wikipedia.org). The effects of supply and demand on the travel and tourism industry Most studies modeling the demand for tourism have either used visitor arrivals or tourism earnings as a dependent variable (Narayan, 2002). Tourism demand is base on which all tourism related business decisions eventually rest. Companies and governments as a point incase, tour operators, hotels, airlines, and leisure facility providers are interested in the demand for their products by tourists. The accomplishment of many businesses depends completely on the status of tourism demand, and final management collapse is pretty often because of the collapse to meet market demand. Influencing Factors As we all experience the change around us the questions arises how these developments will have an impact on tourism demand. To name just a few categories: * Economy (e.g. from BIP over exchange rates to perceived risk of loosing the job) * Politics (e.g. the enlargement of the EU, taxation, environment) * Crisis and threats (e.g. terrorism, epidemic diseases, earth quakes) * Demographic Change (e.g. age structure, migration, educational level) * Technology (e.g. transport, communication, information) In addition we have to take into account the influences coming from general changes in consumer attitudes and, finally, the tourism industry itself, of course influencing the demand side of tourism (e.g. standardization of products, information channels, (over) capacities and price strategies). All these factors are linked to each other (Lohmann 2004). How can these factors have an impact? Holiday demand is driven by needs, motives, and expectations, its realization depends on the individual economic situation and the freedom to travel. Thus: * External factors may have an impact on tourism demand by affecting the ability to travel (freedom, time, money, fitness) and the motivation to do so. * Consumer Behavior is not a reaction on a single factor but on the whole set of influencing external factors. In addition it is driven by internal factors (e.g. motives, abilities etc.). Thus, the impact of a  change in a single external factor is limited Most of the external factors seem to be in favor for a sound development of tourism demand in Europe in the years to come. However, there are no signs for a general boom (Lohmann 2004). Supply While many tourism studies are focused on the demand side of tourism that is, the tourist, the supply side of the industry is often overlooked. Supply is seen as being modeled by five independent components: attractions, transportation, services, information and promotion. Most important component is the tourism attraction (Gunn, C. A. 1997). The supply of recreation and tourism is a complex combination of natural amenities, recreational sites, access, and private sector business activity which is influenced by an array of factors that act to provide opportunities that satisfy leisure-based travel demands. Measures of recreational site density that account for both physical/geographic size and population, or social capacity are used as key explanatory variables in models of tourism dependence (Marcouiller, Prey, 2004). The Positive and Negative Social and Environmental Impacts of Tourism The range impacts of Tourism include economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts. Impacts could be negative and positive, but should never be undervalued. The conception of sustainability is factored into these tourism impacts, when the size of the impacts turns out to be large enough to intensely change socio-cultural, environmental and economic areas of a tourist destination. Socially tourism has a great influence on the host societies. Tourism can be both a source of international amity, peace and understanding and a destroyer and corrupter of indigenous cultures, a source of ecological destruction, an assault of people’s privacy, dignity, and authenticity. Here are possible positive effects of tourism: * Developing positive attitudes towards each other * Learning about each other’s culture and customs * Reducing negative perceptions and stereotypes * Developing friendships * Developing pride, appreciation, understanding, respect, and tolerance for each other’s culture * Increasing self-esteem of hosts and tourists * Psychological satisfaction with interaction So, social contacts between tourists and local people may result in mutual appreciation, understanding, tolerance, awareness, learning, family bonding respect, and liking. Residents are educated about the outside world without leaving their homes, while their visitors significantly learn about a distinctive culture. Local communities are benefited through contribution by tourism to the improvement of the social infrastructure like schools, libraries, health care institutions, internet cafes, and so on. Besides, if local culture is the base for attracting tourists to the region, it helps to preserve the local traditions and handicrafts which maybe were on the link of the extinction. For example in Uzbekistan, particularly in such famous regions as Samarqand, Buhara, and Horezm tourists contribute significantly to the preservation of traditional handcrafting wood carving, hammered copper work, handmade silk and carpets, and of course to preservation and maintenance of architectural and historical monuments. Since Uzbekistan proclaimed its independence in 1991 many museums and monuments were renovated or opened to promote the national culture and traditions. Growing interest in this culture makes the local people proud of their way of life. On the other side tourism can increase tension, hostility, and suspicion. Claims of tourism as a vital force for peace are exaggerated. Indeed there is little evidence that tourism is drawing the world together (Robinson 1999). In this context economic and social impacts on the local community depend on how much of the incomes generated by tourists go to the host communities. In most all-inclusive package tours more than 80% of travelers’ fees go to the airlines, hotels and other international companies, not to local businessmen and workers. On the other hand large hotel chain restaurants often import food to satisfy foreign visitors and rarely employ local staff for senior management positions, preventing local farmers and workers from reaping the benefit of their presence. Tourism has the power to affect cultural change. Successful development of a resource can lead to numerous negative impacts. Among these are overdevelopment, assimilation, conflict, and artificial  reconstruction. While presenting a culture to tourists may help preserve the culture, it can also dilute or even destroy it. The point is to promote tourism in the region so that it would both give incomes and create respect for the local tradition and culture. There are also both negative and positive impacts of tourism on the local ecology. Tourism often grows into mass-tourism. It leads to the over consumption, pollution, and lack of resources. However, from the ecological point of view tourism is often more acceptable and preferable than any other industrial production, as it is environmentally friendlier (Batir Mirbabayev, Malika Shagazatova, 2007). Conclusion Tourism is widely believed to be the most rapidly growing industry in both developing and developed countries, consider tourism as one means for creating new jobs and reducing unemployment in different regions (Balali, 2009). The history of tourism is one of lumpy expansion, periods of massive growth interrupted by periods of recessions and stagnation (Lickorish, Jenkins, 1997). International travel and tourism is the backbone of globalization and enriches the world in many ways: It promotes economic growth, increases trade, advances development, and creates higher disposable incomes. It also strengthens communities, and, by bringing together people from diverse regions and backgrounds, advances the goals of peace and global understanding. These benefits hold true for developing, emerging, and industrialized countries, and they provide a major platform on which other industries can build (Gross, 2007).